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Semi-Tropical 

FLORIDA: 



ITS- 



Climate, Soils* Productions, 

WITH A SKETCH,; OP ITS 

HISTORY, NATURAL FEATURES AND SOCIAL CONDITION, 

Being a Manual op Reliable Information Concerning the Resources 
of the State, and the Inducements which it Offers to 
Persons Seeking New Homes and Profit- 
able Investments. 



PUBLISHED FOR THE STATE BY 

SETH FRENCH, 

Commissioner of the Bureau of Immigration. 
(Office, No. 3 Ross Block, Jacksonville, Fla.) 

SEND FOR PAMPHLET. 



APPROVED BY 



GE mOE F. DREW, Governor. 

COL TMBUS DREW, Comptroller. \ Bureau Im., Fla. 

HITr" a. CORLEY, Com. L. and Im. 



CHICAGO : 
Rand, McNally & Co., Printers and Electrotypers. 

1879. 



INTRODUCTORY. 



This pamphlet is designed to give reliable information to those people abroad who 
have heard more or less about this State, and who have some idea of seeking and 
making a new home here. In this compilation we have aimed only at truth, and in 
every instance our statements are facts within our own personal knowledge, or verified 
by inquiries from sources which are authentic. Of necessity, in so limited a compila- 
tion, only brief notices and statements can be made, but it shall be our endeavor to 
give just such information as a stranger would seek and desire of and about the 
State: geographical, historical, political; its climate, health, society, soil, productions, 
transportation; Government, State and Railroad lands, Spanish grants, homesteads, 
etc. In subsequent publications to be issued from this office, more special and detailed 
information will be given, which will include descriptions of each county, pecu- 
liarities of soil, productions, statistics (official) of population, and all characteristics, 
etc. This is now being obtained by special means. In the meantime, persons who 
may desire any information of a special kind, by addressing this office, will be fur- 
nished with it. The great diversity of agriculture, manufactures, trades, professions, 
in which so many are now occupied, and in many sections crowded, will, no doubt, 
cause many to seek new homes, and who do not wish to be deceived or misled. We 
repeat, that any and all statements herein made are to be depended on. Of course we 
have in this compilation freely used information obtained from official and private 
publications, as well as from our well conducted agricultural journals, and acknowl- 
edge our obligations. We have not in preparing this, thought it necessary to particu- 
larize in our adoption of their work. 



(3) 



CONTENTS. 



fy 



PAGE 

Act Establishing Bureau of Immigration 5 

Churches: 

Methodist Episcopal 41 

Presbyterian 41 

Protestant Ep'scopal - - 40 

Class of Immigrants Wanted - 19 

Climate - - ™ 

Commerce of Port of Fernaudina 38 

Commerce of Port of Jacksonville. 39 

Commerce of Port of St. Marys --- 38 

Cost of Buildiug-. - 26 

Cost of Clearing Land 25 

Education - - 40 

Florida Newspapers - 42 

Foreign and Domestic Commerce 37 

General Remarks. .. - 43 

Historical and Geographical 7 

How to Get to Florida --- 36 

How to Make an Orange Grove, with Cost of same 23 
Household Expenses.. - 25 

Masonry in Florida - 42 

Northern Energy— How Affected 36 

Prices of State Lands 17 

Prices of other than State Lands .-. 19 

Political: 

County Government 12 

Homestead and other Exemptions 12 

State Asylum 12 

State and County Taxes -. 13 

State Finances 14 

State Prison and Jails 12 

Who may Vote 14 



PAGE 

Productions : 

Almond 31 

Apple, Pear, Quince.. 32 

Arrowroot, Cassava, Comptie .. 35 

Banana, Pine Apple, etc 31 

Berries -. .. -- 33 

Corn 28 

Cotton _ 29 

Grapes ...<. _ 32 

Indigo, Castor Bean, and Silk 34 

Japan Plum 32 

Melons _ 34 

Olive 32 

Peaches. 32 

Pea-Nuts 34 

Pecan 31 

Persimmon 32 

Pomegranate 32 

Plums.. -. 33 

Rice 30 

Sisal Hemp. Ramie, Jute. 35 

Strawberries 33 

Sugar Cane.. 29 

Sweet Potatoes 34 

The Citrus Family - 31 

Tobacco 30 

Wheat, Rye and Oats 30 

Railroad Lands... 18 

Soil 15 

The New-Comer. 21 

The Social Question 19 

The Yellow Fever 44 

Timber and Lumber 23 

What the Poor Immigrant may do 21 

What the Rich Immigrant can do .. 22 

When and What to Plant 26 



ACT ESTABLISHING BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION. 



The following Act establishing a Bureau of Immigration was passed by the Florida 
Legislature at their session in 1879. 

The Commissioner appointed under this law, as instructed, has compiled this 
pamphlet, to in part carry out the object desired. 

J±2<r ACT 

TO ESTABLISH A BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION FOR THE STATE OF FLORIDA, AND TO 
PROMOTE THE RAPID SETTLEMENT OF THE STATE LANDS. 

The People of the State of Florida, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as 
follows : 
Section 1. That the Governor, Comptroller and Commissioner of Lands and Im- 
migration be, and they are hereby constituted, a Bureau of Immigration, whose duty it 
shall be to encourage immigration and the rapid settlement of the vacant lands of the 
State. The Bureau, as constituted, shall appoint, subject to the approval of the Senate, 
a suitable person, to be known as the Commissioner of the Bureau of Immigration, who 
shall be subject to the Bureau of Immigration, and who shall, by advertising, by lec- 
turing, by the dissemination of correct information as to our soil, climate, productions 
and resources, by the arrangement of special rates of transportation between the cities 
of the North and West, and of Europe, to this State, and by such other methods as the 
Bureau of Immigration may approve, invite and encourage immigration with the view 
to the settlement of the vacant lands : Provided, That no per capita shall be paid, and 
no arrangement be entered into by which the Commissioner or any other person shall 
receive compensation upon the basis of the number of immigrants obtained. 

Sec. 2. The salary of the said Commissioner of the Bureau of Immigration shall 
be fixed by the Bureau. He shall devote himself exclusively to the immigration inter- 
ests of the State, and in the event of his death, resignation, or the failure on his part 
to discharge his duties in a faithful and satisfactory manner, the Bureau shall have 
power to appoint another person to discharge his duties until the next session of the 
Legislature. Said Commissioner may appoint a Secretary to assist him in the perform- 
ance of the clerical duties of his office, the salary of which said Secretary shall be 
fixed by the Bureau. He may also appoint agents at suitable points, subject to the 
approval of the Bureau, whose compensation shall be fixed by the Bureau, and be paid 
out of the general appropriation for immigration purposes. Said Commissioner shall 
hold his office for the period of two years. 

Sec. 3. That the total amount expended for the purposes of immigration and the 
settlement of the vacant lands in each and every year, shall not exceed the amount of 
the annual appropriation therefor. 

Sec. 4. That the Commissioner of Lands and Immigration shall be President of 

the Bureau of Immigration. 

(5) 



6 



Act Establishing Bureau of Immigration. 



Sec. 5. That for the purpose of practically carrying out the design for which the 
Bureau of Immigration is established, an appropriation is hereby made for the support 
and maintenance of said Bureau, and inclusive of the salaries of Commissioner, Sec- 
retary and Agents, of five thousand dollars per annum, to be derived from any moneys 
arising from the sales of State lands belonging to the Internal Improvement Fund, or 
out of any moneys in the Treasury of the State not otherwise appropriated. Said sum 
of five thousand dollars shall be counted an annual expense, subject to reduction or 
increase by each succeeding Legislature, as the needs of the Bureau may require. Said 
amount shall be drawn by the Commissioner, under rules and regulations to be estab- 
lished by the Bureau of Immigration : Provided, That not less than two thousand 
dollars per annum of said sum shall be used in the preparation and distribution of 
pamphlets, truthfully and concisely setting forth the inducements to immigrants to buy 
and settle upon the State lands in the several counties of the State. Said Commissioner 
shall make a quarterly report of his acts and doings, and of the expenditures of his 
office, to the Bureau of Immigration, and the same shall be approved by the Bureau, 
before any further amount is drawn by said Commissioner. He shall also submit to 
the said Bureau, on the first Monday in January of each and every year, a complete 
annual report of the doings and results of his office, for the information and considera- 
tion of the Legislature when in session. 

Sec. 6. That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this act are hereby repealed. 

Since the passage of the Act, and in accordance with the first section thereof, the 
new Bureau has nominated, and the Senate has confirmed, Hon. Seth French, of 
Volusia county, to be Commissioner of the Bureau of Immigration. 




SEMI-TROPICAL FLORIDA; ITS CLIMATE, SOIL 
AND PRODUCTIONS. 



HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL. 




V.' LOR1DA was discovered in 1497, by Captain Cabot, who 
sailed under the English flag. In 1525, Naverez took formal 
possession of it for Spain. The first settlement was made in 
1562, near the mouth of the St. Johns, by Ribouet, a Frenchman. 
A colony of Huguenots, in 1564, settled on the south bank of the 
St. Johns, 18 miles from its mouth; it was called Caroline, and 
was totally destroyed in 1565 by the Spaniards. De Gourgas, a 
Frenchman, in 1569, avenged this massacre by killing the entire 
garrison of Spaniards who occupied Fort Caroline. Menendez founded a Spanish 
Colony, in 1565, at St. Augustine — the first permanent European town in North 
America. 

In 1584, Spanish authority extended west as far as the Mississippi, and north to 
Upper Georgia. In 1586, Drake, an English filibuster, plundered St. Augustine; the 
Indians pillaged it in 1611; and English pirates again sacked it in 1665. Pensacola 
was settled by the Spanish in 1689. St. Augustine was unsuccessfully attacked in 1702, 
1725 and 1740, successively, by Gov. Moore, of South Carolina, Colonel Palmer, and 
General Oglethorpe of Georgia. In 1763, Florida was ceded by Spain to Great Britain, 
and it was ceded back to Spain in 1784, the population during these years of English 
occupation being about 600. In 1812, Fernandina was captured by the United States, 
and after a brief occupation, the United States delivered it back to Spain in 1813. The 
English occupied the Spanish Fort in 1814, at Pensacola; General Jackson, in 1818, 
captured Pensacola for the United States. In 1819, Spain sold and ceded Florida to the 
United States. A Territorial government was formed in 1822, which continued until 
the year 1845, when it became a State; and in 1861, the State seceded. 

(7) 



8 



Semi - Tropical Florida; 



It will be seen from the above brief recital of dates, that Florida, from its first 
discovery, over three centuries ago, has been in a continuous unsettled state. Colonies 
massacred; conquered and reconquered; ceded and receded; plundered by pirates; 
attacked by filibusters ; harassed by Indian wars for half a century ; finally, ceded to the 
United States, and when just entering on a period of stability and prosperity, plunged 
in a civil war, which decimated and impoverished her people. Is it any wonder that 
the great flood of foreign and domestic immigration has not been attracted and turned 
to Florida ? 

Florida is no longer a terra incognita ; the armies, Federal and Confederate, have 
visited her shores ; thousands have annually come down for pleasure, health, or to find 
new homes; other thousands will come when they become truly informed of the advan- 
tages and attractions of this beautiful and productive semi-tropical land. 




The Old Cathedkal and Square, St. Augustine. 

Florida, the most southern of all the States, is a peninsula projecting down between 
the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Its area comprises 60,000 square miles, or 
38,000,000 acres. Florida is bounded on the east by the Atlantic ; on the south by the 
Gulf of Mexico; on the west by the Gulf of Mexico and Alabama; north by Georgia 
and Alabama. Inspecting a map of the earth, one would naturally suppose that the 
temperature of Florida would range the same as in those countries lying in the same 
parallel of latitude, as Northern Mexico, Central Arabia, Hincloostan, and China, but 
it does not ; it resembles rather that of Bermuda, Madeira, Egypt and Persia. Its pecu- 
liar position, its peninsular form, its ocean and gulf surroundings, make it exceptional, 
and unlike any other country lying in the same latitude and longitude. Th% truly penin- 
sular portion of Florida is some 300 miles in length, and averages about 100 miles in 
width, gradually narrowing from north to south. The nearness of that great ocean 
river, the gulf stream, to its shores, causes the trade winds of the Atlantic to sweep 



Its Climate. Soil and Productions. 



9 



over the laud from east to west by day, the returning cool winds from the gulf gently 
blowing across the State by night. The stranger is incredulous of the peculiar tempera- 
ture, until, by sojourning here, he finds, be the day ever so warm, the succeeding night 
is invariably cool. These daily constant breezes purify and vivify the atmosphere, and 
preserve it from stagnation or sultriness. 

Generally the lands are level, at no great elevation above tide water; the northern 
portion, however, is more or less rolling and hilly. About midway from north to south, 
the lands bordering on the ocean and gulf are more or less level, broken by occasional 
ridges. In East Florida, about half way from the sea to the Suwannee river, there is a 
table-land elevation reaching nearly to the Everglades. The extreme southern portion 
of the State is low and flat, though from recent surveys it is found that it can be eft'ect- 







A View of High Rolling Land of the Interior. 

ually drained, and made available for cultivation. No State in the Union has such an 
extent of coast, which is nearly 1,200 miles in length, indented every few miles by 
large bays, running inland in many places from ten to thirty miles, with large rivers 
like the St. Johns, St. Marys, Suwannee, Appalachicola, navigable from north to 
south, from east to west, to the Mexican Gulf and Atlantic Ocean. There are other 
connecting navigable streams in all parts of the State, and lakes, large and small, 
scattered and grouped together, all of which abound in excellent varieties of fish, and 
furnish local transportation facilities ; many connect with navigable streams, and 
all can be easily connected by short canals or railroads with each other and the great 
arteries of water leading to the sea and gulf. 

The character of the soil is sandy; not the sharp silicious sand of the ocean, 
or the barren sandy lands of the other States ; this sandy soil has more or less of loam 



10 



Semi - Tropical Florida; 



and a large per centage of lime and organic remains, giving it much fertility. The 
country is well watered, not only by its larger and smaller rivers and lakes, but by in- 
numerable creeks and springs. Mineral springs, of great volume, are found in every 
portion of the State, some of such magnitude that they form navigable rivers from 
their source : of such are the Blue Springs, in Jackson county, in the west; Wakulla 
Springs, in Wakulla county, in the middle ; Silver Springs, in Marion county, in the 
east ; the very large Blue Spring on the St. Johns, in Volusia county ; the Green Cove 
Spring, in Clay county, on the shore of the St. Johns ; also Clay Spring, in Orange 
county. Most of these are medicinal, white sulphur, iron, etc. Good water, so univer- 
sally desired, is found easily at a depth of from eight to fifty feet, according to locality, 
generally from twelve to twenty feet, but, through the country, the many lakes and 
springs and branches afford ample supply for house and farm purposes. If cistern 
water is preferred, the average rainfall, being from forty-eight to fifty-four inches 
annually, assures a supply. The distribution of rivers, creeks, lakes and springs, is 
not only large, but remarkably uniform ihrousrhout the State. 




A View of Jacksonville from the South, 

CLIMATE. 

Since the climate of Florida is so well known through the civilized world, it is not 
necessary to go into detail ; we will briefly give some facts from official tables, and the 
opinions of scientists. The climate is not a hot climate in summer, but mild, and not 
subject to great changes of temperature. The' winters are not cold and freezing, but 
uniformly cool and bracing. Throughout the whole twelve months the rainy, cloudy, 
disagreeable days are the exception ; fair, bright, sunny days the rule. The thermom- 



Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 



11 



eter seldom goes below 30° in winter, and rarely above 90 3 in summer. The official 
records show the average for summer, 82° ; for winter, 60°. The daily constant ocean 
breezes in summer modify the heat; the Gulf breeze coming with the setting sun, cools 
the air at night; a warm or sultry night is almost unknown. Official sanitary reports, 
both of scientific bodies and the army, show, that Florida stands first in health, 
although in the reports are included the transient or recent population, many of whom 
take refuge here as invalids, some in the lowest stages of disease. In the southern 
portion of the State frost is not known, and there is not in any part of Florida more 
than ten days in the aggregate, when there is a black frost. The summer is longer, 
but the heat less oppressive than midsummer at the North ; this results from its pecu- 
liar peninsular shape and the ever-recurring breezes which pass over the State. For 
days together, New York, Boston and Chicago show, in summer, temperature as high 
as 100° ; it is very rare that it reaches that degree in Florida for a single day, generally 
ranging below 90° ; not oppressive, modified by the ever-changing air; not sultry, close 
or humid ; mornings and evenings always cool and bracing. Natives and old residents, 
if asked, would say they preferred the summer to the winter months for climate. This 
peculiar climate is adapted for vegetation. There are years when in some localities there 
is a drouth, and years when portions of the State have had excessive rains, but they 
do not extend far. In the early spring, when most of the planting season occurs, there 
are frequent showers ; from the first to the middle of July, the rainy season commences, 
continuing till the middle of September; the rain falls almost every day, commencing 
in the early afternoon, lasting from a few minutes to four hours, rarely as long as the 
last period, often heavy with thunder and sharp lightning, then ceasing, leaving the 
air cool and sweet, the sky clear and bright ; the porous soil quickly absorbs the water 
and leaves the footway dry. These rains fill up the low flat lands and ponds, and are 
injurious to crops when planted on such lands, underlaid by hard pan. But on the 
high pine lands and high hammocks the rains are of advantage, making crops grow 
rank and heavy. 

We take from Dr. A. S.Baldwin's tables, kept for the Smithsonian Institute, as 
follows : 

Jacksonville, Lat. 30° 15', Long. 82°— mean of 3 daily observations for 20 years, 
1844—1867. Thermometer. 



September 78° 

October 70° 

November 62" 

December 52° 



January 55° May 76° 

Februarv 58° June 80° 

March.." 64° July 82° 

April 70° August 82° 

The Army records show for twenty years, variation at St. Augustine, Fla., 23°. 

Rainfall at Jacksonville, average for ten years, 48 inches ; the largest quantity in 
August, the least in November. 

The above shows that for equality of temperature and consequent salubrity, Florida 
has no rival. 




12 Semi - Tropical Florida; 



POLITICAL. 



The new constitution of Florida was adopted in 1868. It is similar to the later con- 
stitutions of the North and West, modified some, being more liberal in suffrage and 
exemption clauses. No county can have more than four Assemblymen ; every county 
can have one. Foreigners who may become residents, enjoy the same rights as to 
property as native born citizens. The Legislature consists of a Senate and Assembly, 
the first elected for four years, the latter for two years, biennial sessions. All property 
of wife, owned before or acquired after marriage, is made separate, and not liable to 
debts of the husband. The Governor is elected for four years ; he appoints all officials, 
the most important, with consent of the Senate, except constables, who are elected. 
There is the usual Cabinet, Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, County Judges and Justices 
of the Peace. There is a school system similar to that of the North, which makes pro- 
vision for free schools for all children. The school fund consists of proceeds of all 
United States lands granted for educational purposes, donations from individuals, 
appropriations by the State, lands forfeited in any way, military exemptions, fines 
under penal laws, per capita tax, twenty-five per cent, on sales of State land, also, a 
special tax of not less than one mill on all taxable property, annually levied; and each 
county is required to levy at least one-half of amount of State tax, for school fund. 

COUNTY GOVERNMENT. 

The State is divided into Counties, now thirty-nine; each County has five County 
Commissioners, who have supervision of roads, bridges, ferries, audit and issue war- 
rants for County expenses; they have also charge of public buildings and the County 
poor. Their pay not to exceed fifty dollars per year, and mileage. 

STATE ASYLUM. 

The State has a large and well built Asylum, with ample grounds, where the unfor- 
tunate insane are cared for ; it is under the care and superintendence of a resident phy- 
sician, who is appointed by the Board of Public Institutions, to whom reports are made, 
and by whom regulations as to government of the Asylum are prescribed. 

STATE PRISON AND JAILS. 

State and County prisoners are contracted out to labor on plantations, and for getting 
out of naval stores; some for short terms on public work in chain gangs; they are 
all self-supporting. 

HOMESTEAD AND OTHER EXEMPTIONS. 

One hundred and sixty acres, or one-half acre of land within city or town, owned by 
the head of a family residing in the State, together with one thousand dollars of per- 
sonal property, and the improvements on the real estate, shall be exempted from any 



Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 



13 



forced sale under any process of law; and real estate shall not be alienable without the 
joint written consent of wife and husband. In addition to the above exemption, there 
shall be exempted from sale by any legal process, to the head of a family, one thousand 
dollars in any kind of property, which said head of family may se'ect. Taxes can 
only be levied for State, County and Municipal purposes. 




In tue Gulf Hammock Lands. 



STATE AND COUNTY TAXES. 

The State levies, annually, one mill tax for school purposes. For the current year 
(1879), six mills are levied for expenses of State government and interest on bonded 
debt; total State tax, seven mills. Counties shall levy one-half mill (or one-half the 
State school tax,) for school purposes, and two mills for county purposes. The county 
may also levy, not to exceed two mills, for building county buildings and bridges; also 
a further sum of two mills for county purposes; provided that the Grand Jury proposes 
it, or the people vote it, and the county may levy not to exceed two mills, (over the one- 
half mill,) for county school purposes; total County tax, not less than two and one-half 
or more than eight and one-half mills. From the above, it will be seen that the total 
tax, County and State, shall be not less than nine and one-half nor more than fifteen 



14 Semi - Tropical Florida; 

and one-half mills; the increase over nine and one-half mills being left to each county 
separately. What other State can show so low a tax ? none, if we except one or two of 
the old small States, nor would they, if they included County and Municipal debts. 
Another important thing : Florida has yet fifteen million acres of unsold land, has an 
over-paid sinking fund, and valid claims on the United States Government for money 
advanced in Indian wars. With such a financial exhibit, our State may well challenge 
and invite comparison with any State, North or South. Nor is this all ; the people in- 
dividually support and advocate economy, and demand it of Town, County and State 
officials. In all offices no extravagance is submitted to. In the State Government, even 
in small details, offices have been abolished or consolidated, salaries reduced, perqui- 
sites and fees cut down, and each succeeding year, whenever possible, retrenchment 
is made. 

WHO MAY VOTE. 

Every male person twenty-one years of age, who shall be, or shall have declared his 
intention to become a citizen of the United States, has resided in the State one year, and 
in the County six months, may vote in the election districts where registered. Bribery, 
perjury, larceny, wagers on election, fighting a duel or excepting a challenge, disfran- 
chises. 

STATE FINANCES. 

From Comptroller's report, Jan. 4, 1879 : 

Assessed value of property, - - - $30,000,000 

Receipts, and balance in Treasury, .... . - - 363,000 

Payments from January 1st, 1878, to December 31st, 1878, - - - 260,000 

Balance in Treasury, - - - - - - 103,000 

Total bonded debt, $1,284,200, or nearly one million, three hundred thousand dollars. 
Of these bond's, the school and sinking fund hold five hundred and sixty-eight thousand 
dollars, thus only leaving seven hundred and sixteen thousand dollars in private hands. 
The annual sinking fund will absorb this amount. There is a claim of Florida on the 
United States Government, of about $160,000 for expenditures in Indian wars, which is 
now being adjusted, and which will further reduce the State debt. 





SOIL. 

The traveler southward, passing over 
the sandy coasts of New Jersey, North and 
South Carolina, Georgia and Eastern Florida, 
naturally exclaims, what a barren, sterile land 
ths South must be ! The Northern or "Western 
farmer Qan not believe that such lands are pro- 
ductive; but if the winter visitor will return 
summer or early fall, he will be surprised to see the rank vege- 
tation, wild and cultivated. The so-called sand of Florida is 
not the sharp silicious sand of the ocean-washed beach, or the 
tine inorganic sand which forms the pine barrens of the North 
and West. Composed, in great part, of a mixture of humus, 
lime and loam, the surface sand of Florida has good fertilizing 
qualities. Florida lands are ordinarily classified as pine lands, 
hammocks, lands covered with hard woods, and swamp lands ; 
these again distinguished as first, second and third quality of 
pine, high and low hammocks, swamp lands, inland prairies, 
the savannas of the coast, and the everglades. The greater 
portion of the State is covered with pine, the pitch and yellow 
pine. The hammocks, high and low, are densely covered with 
hard woods, such as live oak, oak, magnolia, gum, hickory, etc. 
The swamp lands are more or less timbered with pine, cypress, 
cedar and soft woods; the savannas are covered with grass, 
with here and there a cabbage palm tree; the everglades are 
vast prairies more or less dry or submerged. Of all these, the 
poorest, with the exception of the last two, will produce semi- . 
tropical fruits, and fibrous plants, of commercial value, 
first-rate pine lands, so called, are generally elevated and roll- |p§(-!2Ss 
ing, covered with a dark vegetable mould or humus, several 
inches deep, resting on a chocolate-colored sandy loam, mixed 
with pebble and lime; under this, clay and soft limestone rock. 
The timber is very regularly distributed, and consists almost _ xfi^S 




16 



Semi - Tropical Florida; 



wholly of pitch pine, very uniform, both in size and length; straight, luxuriant grass 
covers the soil underneath ; no undergrowth is seen except near the borders of creeks ; 
no palmetto roots mar the surface, nor fallen timber prevents easy and direct roads 
from point to point. These lands have a durable fertility, and are well adapted to the 
usual agricultural products and semi-tropical fruits. They are found to withstand 
drouth well, and in rainy seasons, growing crops are not affected, except favorably. 
These lands are healthy, the water is pure, and it costs little to prepare lands for culti- 
vation. It is noticeable that the early settlers selected these lands, especially for resi- 
dences and home farms, health, pure water, freedom from insects, good soil for crops 
and fruit, and ease of cultivation. These lands produce well for years without fertiliz- 
ing, but readily respond in increased products to fertilizers. The second-rate pine 
lands, which are also heavily timbered with pine, are more or less high and rolling, 
are well watered, the surface soil is not deep, are under-laid with marl, clay or lime- 




BoATING ON THE FLORIDA LAKES. 

stone, and produce well for a few years ; fertilized, they yield good crops of cotton, 
corn, cane and root crops ; when properly cultivated, they are superior for semi-tropical 
fruits. Experienced growers have selected this class of land for groves. The third-rate 
pine lands consist of high-rolling sandy ridges, sparsely covered with scrubby, strag- 
gling black jack and pine, and also of low, flat lands, frequently swampy, with a 
growth of cypress, in the rainy season often inundated ; shallow ditches, however, 
easily drain them, and when so drained they yield fair crops, especially of rice, cane, 
etc. These flat lands afford good pasturage for stock, and being well timbered, are 
desirable for naval stores, resin, tar, turpentine, etc., as they are cheaper and accessible. 
The trees can be profitably " bled " for turpentine, for five to seven years, then cut down 
for mill logs, when land is easily brought into cultivation ; the pasturage is contin- 
uous until planted. It may *be mentioned here, that all pine lands are favorable for 
health. The resinous, balsamic odor of leaf and tree, the absence of undergrowth, 
giving a free circulation of air, the leafy crowns of the soughing pines, giving a grate- 



Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 17 



ful shade from the rays of the mid-day sun, combine to fix the settler's residence in a 
natural park, the piney woods. The "richest lands" are swamp, high and low ham- 
mocks, first-class pine, oak and hickory lands; the swamp lands being similar to the 
bottoms or valleys of the Mississippi and other Western rivers, being of comparatively 
recent alluvial formation, enriched by annual additions of surface soil and vegetable 
debris which fill up the lower surfaces; such lands, however, have to be ditched and 
■drained to be made permanently available, but once prepared, they will produce for 
all time abundantly. Low hammocks are somewhat of the nature of swamp and ham- 
mock, producing quite as well as swamp land, but not for so long a period. The soil 
is deep, but often requires ditching. For sugar cane they are well adapted. High 
hammocks are the most sought for by the old-time planter. The land is undulating, 
the surface soil is of rich vegetable mould mixed with a sandy loam, a substratum of 
marl or clay or both mixed, and they are uniformly productive. They are not seriously 
affected by drouth Or wet; once cleared, cultivation is easy; producing the various crops 
•equally well. For diversified farming, they are reliable ; small farmers generally prefer 
and select the first-class pine lands, and the oak and hickory lands, which are quite 
■extensively situated in the central portion of the State, as they are less expensive to clear 
up than the hammock or swamp lands. Besides the above, there are large savannas 
■on the coast and in the extreme southern portion of the State, which are of great extent 
and treeless as a Western prairie; of course, rich, but too expensive to reclaim at this 
time. While all the varieties of the lands noticed may be found in every section of the 
State, yet the proportion varies in different sections. 

PRICES OF STATE LANDS. 

School Lands and Seminary Lands are subject to entry at their appraised value, 
not less than $1.25 per acre. The larger portion of these lands is held at $1.25 per 
acre ; but some tracts are valued as high as $7. Payment may be made in U. S. 
currency or State scrip. 

Internal Improvement Lands generally $1.25 per acre, none less; some as high as 
$6.50 per acre. 

Swamp Lands — for forty acres, $1 per acre. For more than forty and not exceed- 
ing eighty acres, 90 cents per acre. For more than eighty and not exceeding two hun- 
dred acres, 80 cents per acre. For more than two hundred and not exceeding six 
hundred and forty acres, 75 cents per acre. For more than six hundred and forty 
acres, 70 cents per acre. 

In case of entries of land at less than $1 per acre, the land must not be in detached 
pieces, but must lie in a body. 

For Internal Improvement and Swamp Lands nothing is receivable in payment 
except U. S. currency. 

Terms of sale in all cases cash. 

Lands can not be reserved from sale for the benefit of any applicant. An applica- 
tion, not accompanied with the full amount of purchase-money, does not give any 
priority. 

The State lands comprise about 15,000,000 acres. The State Land Office is at 
Tallahassee, as also the State Surveyor General's Office. 

The foregoing gives the prices of State lands of various kinds, that is, the internal im- 
provement lands proper, and lands acquired by the State from the United States. 
These can be purchased at the State Land Office in Jacksonville, at above prices, with 
a deduction of fifteen per cent, on sales under two hundred dollars, and a deduction of 
twenty per cent, on sales above two hundred dollars. State lands are situated in every 
i 



18 



Semi - Tropical Florida; 



portion of the State, and comprise every variety of quality, and are adapted to every 
production of ihe State. Besides these, there are immense bodies of the best yellow 
pine timber to be found in the Southern States, also other valuable timber — live oak,. 
magnolia, cedar, etc. 




Indian Kiver — Hammock Lands. 

RAILROAD LANDS. 

A large amount of land has been granted to railroads in the State. The Atlantic, 
Gulf & West India Transit Road, running from Fernandina on Atlantic Ocean, to 
Cedar Keys on the Gulf of Mexico, with a branch building from about the centre of 
road (Waldo,) to Tampa Bay, also on Gulf, own 650,000 acres, lying adjacent to their 
road. These are offered at $1.25 per acre, with free transportation over the railroad, 
to purchasers with their families and personal effects. These lands also comprise the 
various qualities, and of course are easily accessible. The Pensacola & Georgia Rail- 



Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 19 



road, running from Lake City, passing through some of the best lands in the State, own 
about 200,000 acres, which are offered at low prices. The Florida Central Road, run- 
ning from Jacksonville to Lake City, (connecting there with the Pensacola and Georgia 
Road), own about 180,000 acres. These lands also comprise some of the very best lands, 
and are thickly covered with pine and other timber. Purchasers will find good bargains 
here, for large or small tracts. These railroad lands lying adjoining the railroad, are 
easy of access and connect with each other, with the gulf and ocean, and with the 
railroads north and west. 

PRICES OF OTHER THAN STATE LANDS. 

There are yet remaining, of United States lands, about 16,000,000 acres, also located 
in all sections of the State. These lands are subject to entry by land warrants, by pur- 
chase, and also by homestead entry. The cost for entering a homestead is, for 160 acres, 
$14; for 80 acres, $7; for 40 acres, $6; residence of five years necessary. There are 
also large tracts, being the Spanish grants, many comprising most excellent lands. 
Most of these grants are owned by non-residents, who have acquired them by being 
heirs of original grantees and owners, who arc willing to sell at very low rates, as they 
desire to close them out and make division to heirs. In fact, lands, whether in 
quantity, quality, location, or price, are to be found all over the State, affording oppor- 
tunities for the large lumber operator, the naval stores business, the large sugar or 
cotton planter, the small farmer, the large or small truck gardener, and the orange 
grower. A single acre can be had, or 100,000, at from one dollar to fifty dollars per 
ere. Improved as well as wild lands are in market, and with intelligent inquiry the 
new-comer can make choice of what will suit him, and it is just as easy for the immi- 
grant to obtain correct and reliable informatio i here as about lands at his old home. 

THE SOCIAL QUESTION. 

To the Southerner, to the older immigrant here, it is inexplicable how the idea 
obtains that the immigrant is not well received. Kindness, hospitality and frank- 
ness are now, as always, traits of the Southron. In the piney woods cabin, in the 
mansion of the planter, the stranger is welcomed; the neighbor finds a neighbor in- 
deed. We simply allude to this subject to assure intending immigrants that nowhere 
will they find less jealousy, envy or interference than here; nowhere will they find a 
warmer welcome, kindness, sympathy or material assistance. The thousands of new- 
comers, now citizens, assure this, being associated with their Southern neighbors in 
social, commercial, moral and religious objects. In politics, where, naturally, lines 
would be sharply drawn, there is scarcely any sectional distinction. We find officials, 
from constable to governor, alike southern and northern, placed there by the people. 
It may be considered egotistical, but the writer illustrates this. Born, and a resident 
of the North for years, an officer in the Union army, coming to Florida to make a 
new home, he found a ready welcome in a southern community; his neighbors treated 
him courteously, and successively honored him with the highest County offices, with 
the State senatorship for district, and the State Bureau of Immigration appointed him 
their Commissioner. The records show similar cases in every department — Executive, 
Legislative and Judicial. 

CLASS OF IMMIGRANTS WANTED. 

We want population from every State in the Union, and from every country in 
Europe; we want the thrifty and industrious to join us in occupying and building up 
the vacant places in our favored State, that they may secure pleasant homes for them- 



20 



Semi - Tropical Florida ; 



selves and their families; we want them to identify themselves with our present popu- 
lation, and enjoy all the rights and privileges of the native-born, which the laws of the 
State now fully guarantee to them. We have over thirty million acres State and United 
States land, which can be had for a mere nominal price. We need population. We will 
give immigrants a hearty welcome, and extend to them full and equal protection ; we 
have no prejudices to overcome, for we are already cosmopolitan; we want immigrants 
of kindred races, that we may be a homogeneous people ; we are all immigrants or 
their descendants; we give immigration credit for all we are or hope to become. We do 
not wish to be misunderstood on this point; we do not want immigrants for subor- 
dinate positions, but, on the contrary, invite them to locate, and become the owners 
of their homes in fee simple forever; we want them to become citizens, and have with 
us equal political privileges and responsibilities in all the obligations imposed upon 
citizens under a Republican government; we want persons skilled in a great variety of 





A View on the Indian Rivek. 

mechanical and agricultural pursuits — in fact, in all of the industries of life, for we 
have a State possessed of the requisite conditions for successful cultivation and develop- 
ment. We want, especially, persons skilled in gardening and fruit growing, in the 
cultivation of tobacco, sugar, etc. ; we want grape and orange growers, together with 
the whole list of semi-tropical fruits; we want manufacturers of lumber and naval 
stores; we want, especially, capital to develop our unbounded resources; we want 
immigrants especially that will bring along with them sufficient means and energy to 
enter upon business for themselves, to buy our cheap lands, become permanent resi- 
dents, practical fruit growers, and successful agriculturists, or who will follow some 
mechanical or manufacturing occupation. We have a surplus already of non-producers, 
lured hither by our genial climate, and expecting to "get something for nothing." We 
want, in short, settlers, who are willing to rely on their own exertions and means to 
make themselves beautiful homes. To such we say, Come, and if you have good stay- 
ing qualities, your reward is sure. 



Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 21 



THE NEW-COMER. 

Of the people who seek new homes, there are many kinds. A large number are of 
a restless nature, who seem to roam in search of some El Dorado; to such, advice or 
information is of little benefit. The true American "to the manor born," when he 
makes up his mind to seek a new home, never looks back, but accepts new and altered 
conditions, if not cheerfully at least pluckily, and, sooner or later, wins. The new set- 
tler in Florida will have to unlearn many things, and learn by experience new ways. If 
he is wise, he will " make haste slowly," observe, advise with older citizens — those of a 
few years' residence. By this he will avoid many natural mistakes in choice of lands, 
location, style of residence, crops, and cultivation. While the generous soil yields 
bountifully, yet man here is not exempt from labor, though it is less exacting than in 
colder climates. If the immigrant comes to stay, and does stay, in a few short years 
his reward will come. One word to some people who have an idea of coming to 
Florida: Consumptives, or other invalids, who have lingered on until the last stage of 
disease is reached ; young people of both sexes who have been brought up with noth- 
ing to do; professional men who expect to live by law, physic, or preaching, and not 
by cultivating the soil ; embryo politicians who hope to shine as statesmen here ;— to 
all such we say, Stay where you are ; we already have a surfeit of these classes. 

WHAT THE POOR IMMIGRANT MAY DO. 

In previous pages we briefly made some remarks as to new-comers. We believe 
that a plain relation of what may be reasonably assured to the poor as well as rich 
immigrant will be received as useful information. Florida is no exception to other 
countries, and the present but repeats the past in the various phases of immigration. 
The early colonists and colonies in America, the periodical and frequent later immigra- 
tion to new States and Territories, and from old to new localities, all have had experi- 
ences, good, bad and indifferent; yet we find, after a brief period, that the new coun- 
tries are filled up with a prosperous and contented population. It is not necessary to 
review the varied causes of this universal experience; although the local historian may 
dwell upon them, the new generations of the present look forward and not back. The 
characteristics of Florida, general and special, we have truthfully noted, other things 
being equal. The climate, soil, health, cheapness of lands, staple and special produc- 
tions, easy access and egress by land and water, form of government, low taxes, a small 
State debt, — all present superior advantages, especially for the poor, or those in mod- 
erate circumstances, for securing a good home. At the outset, however, the immigrant 
asks, How shall I at once procure a support for myself and family? Now, premising 
that the new-comer means to work — intends to stay — he can go to work at once and 
raise food from the soil. • New pine lands, broken up with the grass turned in, will 
grow good crops of sweet potatoes and cow peas, with but slight cultivation. These 
crops in, fields inclosed, the grass covered, soon becomes rotted, and the soil easily 
worked. Corn, cane, cotton may now be planted, as also vegetables, in the same 
field and with the crops: orange, lemon and other fruit trees may be planted, where 
they are to remain at regular distances apart, both ways. The vineyard may also be 
put out, as well as smaller fruit, about the premises. The pea-vines, with peas, will 
afford forage for stock ; peas and potatoes for food. Succeeding the peas and potatoes, 
turnips and onions, beets, cabbage and similar semi-hardy vegetables may be grown 
from the late summer to the next late spring months, nearly the year round. The 
immigrant can easily gather about him hogs, which will range for their own living, 
potatoes being fed to them in the fall. Poultry are no care for feed or support ; game and 



22 



Semi - Tropical Florida; 



fish are to be had for the seeking. It will be seen that the food question is easily solved. 
Year by year his crops are increasing, comforts added to; he has within himself the ac- 
cessories of a comfortable home. In the meantime his grove of oranges, lemons, his 
vines, are growing apace ; in a few short years he scents in the early spring the sweet 
odor of the orange bloom, sees the green fruit gradually increasing in size, and as autumn 
months come on, gladdens his eyes with the sight of the golden fruit which now will 
yield him a substantial return — waited for and won. It has taken less than half a score 
of years for the piney-woods pioneer to make a new home which yields Mm ample 
support and sure increasing income for the future. 



WHAT THE RICH IMMIGRANT CAN DO. 



To the man of capital, Florida offers a large variety of specialties to employ it 
surely and profitably, whether as an investment looking to the future for increase, or 
present employment and quick returns. There are millions of acres of United States, 

State and Railroad lands, 
Spanish grants of large 
areas, and private im- 
proved and unimproved 
lands, which can now be 
bought cheaply. These 
comprise timber lands, 
which are increasing in 
growth and value every 
year, also improved lands 
already cleared, and ready 
to cultivate, now unoccu- 
pied by reason of death of 
owners, or want of means 
to hire labor and purchase 
stock. Afew thousand dol- 
lars judiciously invested 
in lands would be sure to 
pay a profit. Manufacto- 
ries of cotton and cotton- 
seed, oil mills, starch facto- 
ries, rice mills, tanneries, 
saw-mills, furniture shops, 
. etc., etc., offer good oppor- 
tunities for present profit. 
There are many good openings for mercantile business, purchasing the staples of 
the country, such as cotton, sugar, syrup, naval stores. Fruit raising on a large scale 
can be done with assured profit ; with means, one can have hundreds of acres in trees, 
and millions of oranges and lemons to sell or ship. The shrewd real estate dealer can 
buy and sell, at a profit; the money-lender loan at high interest, with ample security. 
All this has been done, is done, and doing, now. If the capitalist would desire to farm 
on a large scale, no better field than here. There are hundreds of large plantations in 
middle Florida, lying contiguous, which can be bought low, and a farm of 100 to 10,000 
acres can be made, and planted in cotton, cane, corn, rice, tobacco, and other crops. 
Labor is plenty and cheap, crops sure and good, always in demand, and fair prices rule. 




Silver Spring, on the Ocklawaha Eiver. 



Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 23 



HOW TO MAKE AN ORANGE GROVE. 

The judicious selection of the land is the first and most important point, for on this, 
.■success in a great measure depends. Choose high, dry hammock, or high rolling pine 
land that has natural drainage, and a yellowish subsoil. Avoid low, flat palmetto, or 
gallberry lands; most of these are underlaid with hard pan, or sandstone mixed with 
oxide of iron; repeated trials and repeated failures show this without exception. The 
most favorable locations are on southeast side of wide sheets of water, or high lands, 
which are more generally free from frost. The land selected, clear thoroughly of all 
trees, etc., break up well, and substantially fence ; sow with cow peas, which turn under 
when in bloom — it improves and sweetens the soil ; this may be done before or after 
planting trees. Dig holes 30 feet apart, 18 inches deep, and four feet in diameter, clean 
out all roots, fill up with top soil, which will retain the moisture, procure trees from 
three to five years old, take them up carefully, with all of the roots possible, pack up 
with wet moss as soon as dug, put in shade and out of the wind, taken to the proposed 
grove carefully, remove soil from holes dug sufficient for the tree, with roots carefully 
spread, trunk standing in same position as originally grown. Let the tree, when set out, 
be fully an inch above natural level of land; fill under, in and about the roots, com- 
pactly — it is best done by the hand, filled to surface and gently tramped down ; fill on 
some two or three inches of earth, which will prevent drying; the rainy season com- 
mencing, remove the soil about the tree to the level about it. Cultivation should be 
frequent and shallow, and trash not allowed to accumulate near trunk ; light plowing 
and raking near the trees is best and safest. Following these general directions, no one 
should fail. The cost of a five-acre grove, at. say. rive years from planting, at a liberal 
estimate where high pine land is chosen, will be about as follows. If hammock land 
i- taken, the cost of clearing will be more. The- grove will have begun to yield at the 
end of the period named. 

COST OF GROVE. 

Five acres of good land, centrally located, SlOo.OO 

Cutting timber, clearing, 7.">.(M> 

Fencing and breaking up, 75.00 

Three hundred trees, and setting out, - 300.00 

Manures, labor, cultivating, taxes, interest, etc., for five year-. - - - 500.00 



Total, ■ $950.00 

Such a grove would readily sell now in Florida for §1,000 per acre. From and 
after five years the annual growth of trees and increase of fruit is constant for at leasl 
ten years, and the grove will hold its vigor and fruit-producing qualities for a century 
■or more. The orange is a hardy tree, will stand great extremes of heat, fold, rain, 
and drouths; it will show the effects of a single season's neglect, and quickly show a 
single season of care and attention. 

TIMBER AND LUMBER. 

Of the States, Florida has the largest area of original growth of timber. Excluding 
land in cultivation, the area covered by lakes, rivers, savannas, etc., there are probably 
nearly, if not quite, thirty million acres of land covered with timber, and of this the 
yellow pine is fully three-quarters. The level lands, rolling lands, are mostly covered 
with the yellow and pitch pine, which attains a great size in girth and length. The 
lower lands near rivers, lakes, swamps, abound in valuable timber, of which live oak, 
other species of oak, hickory, ash, birch, cedar, magnolia, sweet bay, gum, cypress, 
constitute a great proportion. The red cedar is particularly adapted for lead pencils, 



24 



Semi - Tropical Florida ; 



and largely exported to Europe for the best manufactures, as also North and East. The 
magnolia and hay are fine woods for ornamental furniture; the cypress valuable for 
shingles, sash, doors, blinds and inside finish, railroad ties. The yellow and pitch pine 
has a world-wide reputation as being the best for any and all uses where strength, 
elasticity and durability are desired, and is now being largely used in ornamental and 
expensive structures. Finished up in its natural grain for inside work, floors, frames,, 
pillars, arches, roofs, it presents that substantial as well as rich, finish not attained with 




Hammocks of West Florida. 

other material. "While there are many mills on the Atlantic and Gulf sides, and a few 
on the railroad, which manufacture pine lumber, as yet the consumption is small, and 
future supply is assured for years. Recently some cedar mills have been built which 
prepare the wood of size for pencils. Most of the cedar, however, is shipped in the log,, 
roughly hewed. Some oak and hickory is shipped in rough, hewed sticks, but as yet 
not much use is made of the hard woods. Our people arc yet buying wagons, agricul- 
tural implements, also tool handles and wooden-ware, from the North. 



Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 25 




HOUSEHOLD EXPENSES. 

jigi^ ->~ 

<N important item to the immigrant, — at least for 
|P i the first year, if he settles and improves a new 
place, — is the cost to support his household. 
BS L^ We know no shorter way to answer this 
question than by saying that freight by 
vessels from all the Northern ports is low 
to all Florida ports, especially to Fernan- 
dina, Jacksonville, St. Augustine, Pensacola. For 
"instance, barrels from 20 to 25 cts. ; tierces, 25 to 40 cts.; 
bacon, 15 to 20 cts. per hundred weight ; boxed goods, 4 to 
5 cts. per cubic foot. By steamer or rail, about one-third more. Special rates, however, 
can always be made by rail for cars, at lower rates. From Jacksonville by river, freights 
are low, and by rail special reduced rates are made to immigrants in freights and fares. 
Now, adding freights to cost of goods from where brought, and the cost here is found. 
Generally speaking, however, it would not be advisable to bring down all furniture or 
household articles from the old home. The parlor furniture, bedding, carpets, linen, 
table-ware, and articles that may be readily and safely packed, and not too bulky, one 
would do well to bring. Provisions, common furniture, tools, or even parlor furniture, 
can be purchased here nearly if not quite as cheap as at the North, as wholesale and 
retail stores of every kind, with large stocks, are established here. We give the prices 
of some articles now prevailing: 

Flour, $4 to $8 per bbl. ; bacon, $5 to $6 per 100; sugar, 7c. to 12c. per lb.; butter, 
20c. to 80c. per lb.; coffee, 15c. to 25c. per lb. ; and dry goods, hardware, etc., full as 
cheap as at the North. 

Household servants (colored) are obtainable easily from $5 to $8 per month, farm 
laborers from $S to $10 and rations (rations now cost per month about $10); wood need 
cost nothing, except the cutting and hauling, and not much required except for cook- 
ing. By the clay, wages are from 50 to 75 cents per day; common mechanics, $1 to 
$1.25, who answer very well on rough work, if "bossed." While some articles are 
necessarily dearer here to " housekeep," yet with the saving and cost of fuel, the lighter 
clothing needed, the cheapness of home-raised food, vegetables the year round, poultry, 
eggs, game, fish, and other things which help the outer and inner man, a nandy 
man with a cheerful helpmate can live quite as cheap in Florida as anywhere. 

With household matters, we add that horses and mules (mules are every way best) 
range from $50 to $150; carts, $25 to $30; harness, $5 to $10; plow usually used 
here, $3 to $6; all of which, with other agricultural implements, can be purchased here 
as cheap as any where, freight added. 

COST OF CLEARING LAND. 

The cost of clearing land depends on whether sparsely timbered or of thick growth; 
whether pine, hammock or swamp land, and also whether the land is to be planted in 
orange groves or usual crops. It was formerly the custom to simply girdle the trees- 
and remove the fallen timber. This was done quickly and cheaply, and crops put in 
the same season. Gradually, year by year, the deadened trees would rot, and fall, and 
had to be removed from time to time. Such clearing, if it can be called clearing, costs. 
from three to five dollars per acre ; but it is a shiftless and careless way, and most un. 



26 



Semi - Tropical Florida ; 



sightly, and, to a stranger, the tall, dead, leafless trunks and branches give a melan- 
choly outlook to the locality, showing want of thrift and progress in the inhabitants 
Necessity in many cases was the cause of such primitive work, but often it must be 
ascribed to indolence. To clear ordinary pine land, removing the timber, will cost 
from $12 to $15 per acre; hammock lands will cost more — from $15 to $30, according 
to density and size of timber. 

For a new place, the Virginia rail fence is cheapest, as rails are on the spot, and 
split freely. As the country settles up, and saw-mills become frequent, boards and 
posts may be substituted. 

COST OF BUILDING. 

The new-comer, anxious to have a roof over his head and be ready to go to work, will 
".hasten to build him a house. Now, here is room and range for any person to exercise 

his taste, talent, extrava- 
gance, or economy. A com- 
fortable log-house for a 
moderate-sized family can be 
built, say, for $50; a good 
frame building, with four or 
five rooms, will cost from 
$250 to $400. The ordinary 
Northern or Western farmer, 
if not a regular mechanic, yet 
is handy enough with ham- 
mer and saw to build the 
house; with the help of a 
good mechanic (now $2 per 
day), he ought to have every- 
thing done the best. The 
sills, posts, rafters and shin- 
gles can be got out on the spot. 
Lumber of fair quality from 
$5 to $12 per 1,000 feet, at 
mills. Shelter from the rain 
and sun, is the main require- 
ment. Cellars are superflu- 
ous additions; glazed win- 
A Residence in an Okange Grove, dows and plastered walls not 

necessary, though desirable where one can afford it; wide hall, broad vine-covered 
piazza, building set well up from the ground, should be the chief characteristics of a 
Southern home, whether the log cabin of the piney -woods immigrant or the mansion 
of the owner of extensive plantations or magnificent orange groves ; and as for external 
surroundings, the wild flowering shrubs, the magnificent magnolia, the towering pine, 
the massive oak, all surround cottage and hall impartially, their foliage tempering the 
.sun's rays by day and protecting from dews by night. 




WHEN AND WHAT TO PLANT. 

No precise instructions would be strictly applicable for all parts of Florida ; we give 
briefly what may generally be safely adopted, for Florida say, at and north of latitude 29 
^degrees ; south of 29 degrees a year's experience and information will safely guide. One 



Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 27 



thing is favorable: the period of planting any special crops covers weeks and months, 
.so that failure from exceptional circumstances need not occur. 

In January, plant Irish potatoes, peas, beets, turnips, cabbage, and all hardy or semi, 
hardy vegetables; make hot-beds for pushing the more tender plants, such as melons, 
tomatoes, okra, egg plants, etc.; set out fruit and other trees, and shrubbery. 

February — Keep planting for a succession, same as in January: in addition, plant 
vines of all kinds, shrubbery, and fruit trees of all kinds, especially of the citrus family, 
snap beans, corn ; bed sweet potatoes for draws and slips. Oals may also be still sown, 
as they are in previous months. 

March— Corn, oats, and planting of February may be continued ; transplant toma- 
toes, egg plants, melons, beans, and vines of all kinds ; mulberries and blackberries are 
now ripening. 

April— Plant as in March, except Irish potatoes, kohl rabi, turnips ; continue to 
transplant tomatoes, okra, egg plants; sow millet, corn, cow peas, for fodder; plant 
the butter bean, lady peas; dig Irish potatoes. Onions, beets, and usual early vegeta- 
bles should be plenty for table. 

May — Plant sweet potatoes for draws in beds; continue planting corn for table; 
snap beans, peas and cucumbers ought to be well forward for use ; continue planting 
okra, egg plants, pepper, and butter beans. 

June — The heavy planting of sweet potatoes and cow peas is now in order; Irish 
potatoes, tomatoes, and agreat variety of table vegetables are now ready, as also plums, 
early peaches, and grapes. 

July— Sweet potatoes and cow peas are safe to plant, the rainy season being favor- 
able; grapes, peaches and figs are in full season. Orange trees may be set out if the 
season is wet. 

August — Finish up planting sweet potatoes and cow peas; sow cabbage, cauliflower, 
turnips for fall planting; plant kohl rabi and rutabagas; transplant orange trees and 
bud ; last of month plant a few Irish potatoes and beans. 

September — Now is the time to commence for the true winter garden, the garden 
which is commenced in the North in April and May. Plant the whole range of 
vegetables except sweet potatoes; set out asparagus, onion sets and strawberry plants. 

October — Plant same as last month; put in garden peas; set out cabbage plants; dig 
sweet potatoes ; sow oats, rye, etc. 

November — A good month for garden ; continue to plant and transplant, same as 
for October; sow oats, barley and rye for winter pasturage or crops; dig sweet potatoes; 
house or bank them ; make sugar and syrup. 

December — Clear up generally; fence, ditch, manure, and sow and plant hardy vege- 
tables; plant, set out orange trees, fruit trees and shrubbery; keep a sharp look-out for 
an occasional frost; a slight protection will prevent injury. 

It will be seen from the above that there is no month in the year but what fresh and 
growing vegetables can be had for sale and domestic use. This latter is a large item in 
expense of living. The soil is so easily worked, so easily cultivated, that most of garden 
work can be performed by even delicate ladies, and young children of both sexes. In- 
deed, most Florida gardens are so made; — no frozen clods to break or rocks to remove. 
A garden once put in condition, properly managed, will produce abundantly and con- 
stantly. The rapid growth assures large and tender vegetables, early and luscious 
fruit. A single season will afford strawberries from the setting out, ripe figs from two- 
year-old cuttings, grapes the second year, peaches the second and third years, oranges 
from the bud in three to five years. At a little cost, a little care, one can literally sit 
under his own vine and fig-tree, and enjoy fresh-plucked fruit the whole year. 



PRODUCTIONS. 




The list of Florida pro- 
ductions is a long and 
varied one, embracing 
nearly all the crops and 
fruits of the Middle,. 
Northern and Southern 
States, and, in addition, a 
great variety of semi- 
tropical and tropical fruits- 
and vegetables, and most 
of the best known and 
valuable medicinal and 
fibrous plants. We can 
only briefly note the main 
productions — a few of the- 
special kinds. Those in- 
terested will of course- 
make more extended in- 
quiries, and obtain detailed 
information. Many indi- 
genous plants and roots 
only await the establish- 
ment of manufactories to 
encourage the profitable 




i 



cultivation of the raw material, 
which, when manufactured, becomes 
of commercial value. 

CORN. 

Yjy Corn, which is the great food staple raised in the United States, 
especially in the West, and which exceeds by millions of bushels 
any and all other crops, is grown in all portions of the State, and the 
produce per acre is here, as elsewhere, more or less, according to 
fertility of soil and cultivation. Ordinary pine land will produce, say, 
10 bushels ; good hammock land, 20 to 25 bushels. Governor Drew, in 1878, on com- 
mon pine land, which had been cultivated only six years, raised 130 bushels to the 



w 



Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 29 

acre. Of course the land was thoroughly prepared, well manured, and well cultivated. 
Corn here is planted from February to April, plowed at intervals, laid by in June and 
July ; blades stripped for fodder, and stalks with ears left in field to be harvested at 
leisure ; it may be cribbed in field in the shuck, suffering no damage from weather, or 
housed in corn-crib near the dwelling; shucked and shelled if for sale or food. When 
fed to stock, it is fed in shuck. One person with one mule can easily cultivate from 
thirty to forty acres, and as the time from planting to final plowing is only from four to 
five months, it leaves ample time to cultivate another crop of peas or sweet potatoes, 
with same labor on same land. The corn usually raised is the white variety, largely 
used in meal and hominy for food, especially at the South. The Northern farmer who 
has been used to see forty to sixty bushels ordinarily raised on the old homestead, 
should, in comparing the relative production South and North, take into consideration 
cheapness of land, number of acres which can be cultivated, time taken to make crop, 
expense of gathering, saving, housing, and also value, transportation, and its quality. 
White is best for food. All things considered, corn is one of the most useful and profit- 
able crops to raise in Florida. 

COTTON. 

Sea Island, or long cotton, is raised mostly from the Suwannee river to the ocean, 
and south of lat. 30°. The average product per acre is from 150 to 200 pounds, though 
it often exceeds double that. This species of cotton is only raised on the sea islands 
bordering South Carolina, Georgia, and in Florida, our State raising over half the 
total crop. The price ranges from 25 to 50 cts. per pound, though there are planters 
who readily get from 80 cts. to $1 per pound; but their cotton is exceptionally fine. 
Short cotton is grown west of the Suwannee to the western and northern boundaries of 
the State ; it will average from 200 to 500 pounds to the acre. In grade, Florida cotton 
rates with the best. Present prices rule low, in comparison with immediate preceding 
years; but still, experienced planters make it a paying crop, and, being always a sur- 
plus and cash crop, it is readily sold at gin or warehouse. Cotton raising, however, is 
subject to some risks; cold, rain, drouth or caterpillar often sweep localities. Generally 
speaking, it is a safer crop in Florida than anywhere else. New methods of cultiva- 
tion, improved seed, remedy for the caterpillar, are adopted by the intelligent and 
prudent planter, who is not subject to a loss which a careless, shiftless man may have. 
The methods of cultivation are simple, the crop itself affording by its seed the very 
best fertilizer. As the seed is fully seventy-five to eighty per cent, of the cotton as picked, 
it is largely sold and exported. From the planting to the final picking, nearly the 
whole year is required. 

THE SUGAR CANE. 

There is no kind of doubt but'that Florida, both in climate and soil, is peculiarly well 
adapted for growth of cane ; the surliest colonists cultivated it, and the later occupants, 
French, English, Spanish, American, have grown it successfully; the long period of 
warm weather, and the absence of cold, give a longer period for the cane to mature. 
During the English occupation many large plantations were opened, and later, since 
Florida became United States territory, there have been several large sugar plantations 
profitably carried on; among others, we call to mind Mcintosh, Sadler, Yulee, and 
•Clinch, who had over 100 acres each. Latterly, cane has only been planted for domestic 
use and neighborhood sale. But even rudely raised and rudely manufactured, Florida 
sugar and syrup rivals in color, grain and quality. 

The best Louisiana fair land will produce from 1,500 to 2,000 pounds of sugar; rich 
land, thoroughly fertilized, will produce from 2,000 to 4,000 pounds. Recent improve- 



30 



Semi - Tropical Florida; 



ments in sugar machinery has obviated the necessity of expensive works formerly 
required, rendering it possible for the small as well as large planter to manufacture- 
cheaply, as its cultivation is as easy as corn, and its immunity from all hurt by 
ordinary enemies to other vegetation, renders it a safe crop. 



RICE. 

Rice, which constitutes the main food of the great majority of the population of the 
world, is raised here mostly for domestic use. There are thousands of acres in every 
section of the State peculiarly adapted to its successful culture. Its cultivation is as- 
simple as any cereal; usually drilled, and kept clear of weeds; 40 to 75 bushels of rough 

rice is a fair crop. Recent intro- 
duction of improved rice machin- 
ery, adapted for individual and 
neighborhood use, will stimulate 
increased production. Limited by 
climate, rice will always prove a. 
remunerative crop. It is generally 
supposed that rice is only success- 
fully grown on low lands which 
adjoin tide water, and can be over- 
flowed at certain different stages of 
growth. It is true that the great 
bulk of the crop is grown in this- 
way, but inland rice, or rice grown 
inland when climate permits, has. 
long been cultivated in the South, 
and of late years it has become one- 
of the staple crops in Louisiana. A 
low, moist soil has generally been 
planted ; overflowing is not needed,, 
but on any good land it is success- 
fully cultivated. It-has needed only 
introduction of rice-cleaning ma- 
chinery to make its cultivation uni- 
versal in Florida. Quite recently 
a company of practical business men has been formed, who are now putting up exten- 
sive works, which will be able to receive and prepare all that may be raised. We look 
upon rice as one of our great future staples, which will swell our exports hereafter. 
Maturing earlier than in other States, Florida rice (new) has the advantage. 

WHEAT, RYE, OATS. 

Wheat in the northern section of the State is grown to some extent, but is not 
generally raised as a regular crop. Rye, oats and buckwheat do well, yielding under 
proper culture fully as well as at the North. Oats and rye are mostly sown early in the 
fall, affording a good winter pasturage; mature in early spring, and are not threshed,, 
being cured and fed to stock in the straw. 

TOBACCO. 

Tobacco will grow anywhere in the State. A superior quality of Cuba tobacco,, 
from imported seed, is mostly grown in Gadsden and adjoining counties, and 




A Tampa Scene in January. 



Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 31 

fully equals the best imported. Before the war it was extensively and profitably culti- 
vated, and mostly sold to Germany, agents visiting the State to purchase. It requires 
careful attention, will yield from 500 to 700 pounds to the acre, and sells for from 20 to 
30 cents per pound. Latterly there is an increasing home and State demand by cigar 
manufacturers, and the area of cultivation is extending. 

THE CITRUS FAMILY. 

This includes the orange, lemon, lime, grape fruit, shaddock, citron, and similar 
fruits; there are several varieties of each, and new varieties are produced from time 
to time, like other fruits. Under modern culture, superior size, flavor and color are 
obtained. The general varieties of the orange arc the sour, the sweet, and the bilter- 
sweet. The sour and bitter-sweet are supposed to be indigenous, growing wild in the 
forests. The orange, as also all of the same family, can be grown from the seed, graft- 
ing, budding, and cuttings — this last not as safe as the other ways. All are rapid in 
growth, annual and abundant bearers, long-lived, easily cultivated, hardy, and not as 
subject to disease or destruction as most trees. 

Budded, the sweet orange will commence to bear the third year; the seedling in the 
sixth or seventh year, increasing each succeeding year; at 15 to 20 years averaging at 
least 1,000 each. The lemon is more prolific than the orange, bearing earlier; the lime 
still more than the lemon; both, however, are more sensitive to frost. The grape fruit 
and shaddock are similar in shape to the orange, though larger, and have a sub-acid 
flavor; they are not grown for extensive sale, yet many persons like the taste. The citron 
is of two varieties, the ordinary smooth skinned and the ribbed kind; both grow to a 
large size, the latter being the species of commerce. 

BANANA, PINE APPLE, ETC. 

In Southern Florida, the pine apple and banana are successfully grown; the fiuit 
is of a finer quality, and larger size, than most imported from abroad. The banana 
plant is simply planted and let alone, maturing its fruit in from fifteen to eighteen 
mouths; shedding its large leaves, it dies down, and sends up suckers at its base, a 
si Dgle one of which perpetuates the old stock. The others may be replanted in hew 
places. Raw or cooked, as an article of food it is very nutritious, and most people 
esteem its taste and flavor. No fruit is more healthy. 

The pine apple is planted from the suckers or shoots of the matured fruit and 
main stock ; it is planted at about same distance and cultivated as corn. The guava, of 
which there are several varieties in size, color and taste, is a rapid grower and an 
abundant bearer. It fruits in two years from seed, is delicious as a table fruit when 
ripe, and makes a superior marmalad", jelly and preserves. The sappodillo, pawpaw. 
sugar-apple, tamarind, date, and other similar fruits, do well in South Florida. The 
cocoa, especially, does well on the Gulf coast and Keys, producing extra-sized fruit. 

PECAN. 

This tree is valuable as a forest tree for its lumber, and profitable for its fruit. It 
is now being extensively planted, requiring only the ordinary care of indigenous 
trees. The cost is trifling. It bears in about ten years from the seed, growing straight, 
tall and graceful. It need not occupy laud used for cultivation. Some of our people 
have set the pecan out so as to make a permanent boundary line of their land. 

ALMOND. 
This has been grown in some gardens. Being of the same nature as peach, it will 
do well, and will probably be added in the future to our staple products. 



32 



Semi - Tropical Florida ; 



PERSIMMON. 

The persimmon is found wild in every section of the State. The fruit, at least to 
the natives, is agreeable to the taste, and, ripe or dry, is used largely for the table and 
for home-made beer. Some Japan varieties are now being introduced, which are said 
to be of very large size, and seedless. The Japanese esteem the persimmon as their 
most valuable fruit. 

JAPAN PLUM. 

The Japan plum has long been known and grown here as an ornamental tree. It 
rivals the horse-chestnut, which it resembles in size and leaf. The fruit is pear-shaped, 
and grows in clusters ; it is a beautiful creamy white, and has a peculiarly grateful 
and cool, sub-acid taste. 

POMEGRANATE. 

Pomegranates are of two kinds — the sweet 
and sour. The bush is large, graceful in foli- 
age, and beautiful in pendant crimson flowers 
and fruit. As an ornamental tree it is one of 
the best. The fleshy covering of the seed is 
a beautiful pink, and has a pleasant sub-acid 
taste, in flavor not unlike the red currant. 
The rind is bitter, and often used medicinally; 
also for domestic coloring and ink. 

APPLE, PEAR, QUINCE. 

Apples are of the early varieties, ripening 
in May and June. Pears do well. We have 
seen some grown here fully equal in size and 
flavor to the California product. The Quince 

■attains the size of a standard apple tree; fruit large, but flavor not as pronounced 

. as at the North. 

PEACHES. 

The peach is a sure tree here, bearing in two years from the seed, and early varie- 
ties of good size and flavor ripening in May, June and July. The apricot and nec- 
tarine are also safe to cultivate. As yet, no disease has affected the trees, and they 
retain their vigor and prolific bearing for many years. 




GRAPES. 

All of the American and foreign varieties are easily grown, ripening from June to 
November. The St. Augustine grape, so-called; is a choice grape foj* eating Or wine. 
The scuppernong in all its varieties is cultivated largely, being a rapid grower, an 
abundant bearer, long-lived, and needing but little pruning or care. It is found most 
profitable as a table grape or for wine. Black Hamburg and California Mission are 
also among our best growers. 

OLITE. 

With the exception of a few trees, grown for ornament,, this most valuable tree, the 
-olive, has not been cultivated in this State. That it will succeed well here, is evident 
from the specimens now growing. Eecently, attention has been directed to its cultiw- 



Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 



'S3 



tion, and it will become widely planted. It commences to bear at about 10 years from 
the seed, increasing yearly to the age of 30 years, bearing annually. They are very 
longdived, some trees in Europe are known to be 800 years old, and show no signs of 
decay. The fruit and oil are valuable as food and of commercial importance. 

PLUMS. 

Plums are found growing wild all over the State, many of good size and flavor; 
where cultivated are much improved. The black cherry is also found wild, but the 
tame, or cultivated cherry, does not seem to succeed, though we see no reason why it 
-should not, when fruits of similar habit grow well. 




A View of Pensacola Bay in the Winter. 

BERRIES. 

The low creeping blackberry, or dewberry, abounds in old fields and road-sides, and 
ripens in April. The high bush, also found in same localities, ripens in June and July, 
The huckleberry about the same time. All bear well, and can be had for the picking. 
The improved kinds do well where tried. 



STRAWBERRIES. 

This queen of small fruits nowhere in the world finds a better location for culture; 
plants put out in September fruit often in January, frequently in February, and may 
be counted in full bearing and ripening in March and April. The growers about 
Jacksonville and up the St. Johns river are many, and shipments have been made 
largely and profitably. In size, color, bouquet and taste they are superior to most, 
■equal to the best, and surpassed by none; the best varieties only are grown. The 

3 



34 Semi - Tropical Florida ; 



cultivators pick carefully, select and pack honestly ; and Florida strawberries, like 
Florida oranges, have earned a name. By using refrigerators the fruit reaches New 
York and the Northern cities fresh and cool, only about four days from picking. Being 
always in advance of any other locality by some weeks, the first shipments bring large 
prices, and the demand keeps pace with the supply. 

PEA-NUTS. 

This crop, from being an imported article, has of late years become a very large 
one for export in several of the Southern States. Florida-grown pea-nuts rank with the 
best in quantity and quality of production. They are largely used on the farm as food 
for swine. "When this is done and the crop ripe, " piggy " feeds himself at will. Most 
any soil is suitable for a root crop, and will produce liberally. Cultivation is simple and 
cheap. 

INDIGO, CASTOR BEAN, AND SILK. 

The indigo plant is indigenous in Florida ; during the English occupation it was 
extensively cultivated, manufactured, and exported ; now it is occasionally made for 
domestic use. The castor bean here attains the size of a tree often 30 feet high, grows 
rapidly, and bears largely; now only used for home purposes. Silk some years 
ago attracted a good deal of attention, but is now only occasionally produced as a 
pastime. The different species of mulberry grow here to perfection from root, cutting, 
or graft ; in leaf from March to October. In time, no doubt, the business will become 
a regular industry. 

MELONS. 

The Northern man who has only seen the prize melon, pumpkin, squash, and 
other fruits of similar kind, is astounded at the size of Florida growth. It is no rare 
thing to see water melons as large as a nail keg, weighing 70 pounds, muskmelons 20 
to 30 pounds, and , pumpkins and squashes will often weigh 100 pounds. A water- 
melon which does not weigh, at the least, 25 pounds, is considered hardly saleable ; 
30 to 35 pounds is about the average of the water melon brought to market. Those 
raised are of the best known varieties, and here the flavor seems more pleasant, and 
the flesh more crisp and solid than elsewhere. The raising of them is not a matter of 
much care ; they are mostly found in the corn patch, where they grow unseen and un- 
cared for. Except where raised for shipment North, in recent years, they are grown 
by truckmen, who ship by the car-load North and West, the season for sending generally 
commencing the last of May and continuing until August. Muskmelons also are of 
large size, and delicious cantaloupes are raised easily; indeed, vines of all kinds 
succeed well, the long, warm season favoring rapid growth. 

SWEET POTATOES. 

This crop, as an article of food, is as universal in all Southern households as rice is 
to the Chinese, macaroni to the Italian, or the Irish potatoe to the Irishman. White or 
black, no family is so poor but what has a potatoe patch. It yields all the way from 
100 to 400 bushels to the acre, according to soil, cultivation and season ; is grown from 
root, drawer, and slips; planted from June to August, and maturing from July to 
November. It is of easy cultivation, and may be dug and safely banked in field and 
yard, or housed. It is eaten raw or cooked, and the old-time cook can make most 
appetizing dishes of it. There are many varieties planted, good and indifferent, and 
there is no excuse for not raising the best. 



Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 



35 



SISAL HEMP, RAMIE, JUTE. 

All of the fibrous plants grown in warm latitudes are found here, most of them 
indigenous. Some years ago the sisal hemp was largely grown, but the Indian war 
broke up the country where it was planted, and the cultivation has not been resumed. 
In the many new industries awaiting development, these superior fibrous plants will 
become prominent. 

ARROWROOT, CASSAVA, COMPTIE. 

All these are indigenous, and, when cultivated, produce astonishingly. Florida 
arrowroot grades in quality and price with the best Bermuda Cassava, from which 
starch and tapioca are made. It attains great size. Comptie, the bread-root of the 
Indians, grows without any cultivation. All of the above have only been grown for 
domestic use for starch and for food, and have limited sale in this and adjoining States. 
The attention of Northern starch manufacturers has lately been drawn to them, and 
Governor Sinclair, of New Hampshire, having tested the roots by actual experiments, 
has introduced a pioneer factory. As either and all of these roots have from two to 
four times the per centage of starch contained in the Irish potato, and can be grown 
at same price, and manufactured all the year, we may look for a large business in this 
industry. 







38 



Semi - Tropical Florida; 



NORTHERN ENERGY- HOW AFFECTED. 




NE subject — that of the effect of our climate on 
^Northern energy — at first we thought we would not 
dilate upon; but, on reflection, we- will briefly 
allude to it. Most Northern people believe that 
our climate is oppressively warm in summer, 
and also imagine that white persons can not 
labor, either physically or mentally — or, at 
least, do not ; that the Southron has but little 
industry or energy, and that the Northern 
immigrant soon loses his former ambition and 
activity. Now, we have given the temperature 
of the seasons, which are conclusive as to the 
moderate heat, and we can confidently refer to the 
native-born citizens, and the earlier and later im- 
migrants, as to continued, sustained labor in the 
field, work-shop, store, study, and office. We, it is true, have a class of indolent, shift- 
less people here, as elsewhere, who live and subsist easier than they can in the North, 
as the soil produces easily, and the climate is favorable. But the person who has a 
desire to acquire a home and competence can work here in more comfort, and employ 
more days profitably, than he can anywhere else. Even in the days of slavery the plan- 
ter, as a general rule, was a most industrious person. Of necessity he had to rise early, 
visit his fields of hundreds of acres, and superintend the laborers ; the professional man, 
whether medical, legal or clerical, made journeys of miles, more or less, in the sparsely 
settled country, in his calls. Surely the Southern men have not shown want of energy, 
either in developing the country agriculturally or intellectually. In the history of the 
United States, from the earliest colonies, the South has not been wanting in all that has 
given our country a name and fame at home and abroad. Now, at least, labor is not 
only feasible but honorable. 



HOW TO GET TO FLORIDA. 



The annual travel for health, recreation and immigration from the North, from the 
West and from the East, including the most distant points on the Pacific and the Do- 
minion of Canada, has become of such importance that various through and combina- 
tion routes are open both from the West and the East, which enable the immigrant to 
reach Florida on the west, middle, southern and eastern sides, at low rates. Some 
of these routes and tariff of fares will be found in our advertising pages. This through 
system extends also to Europe, enabling the immigrant to know the exact cost of 
reaching Florida from the principal cities and ports of Europe. Probably, new routes 
will be arranged in addition to those now opened. 



Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 



37 



FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE. 



Florida possesses unusual facilities for commerce, both foreign and domestic. On the 
Atlantic side there is the safe, capacious, deep harbor of Fernandina, which is connected 
by water far into the interior of Georgia by the St. Marys river, navigable for the 
largest vessels ; also the Nassau harbor and river ; and by an inland passage with the 
St. Johns river, navigable by large-sized vessels for 200 miles and by smaller vessels 
for over 500 miles, with its tributaries. The harbor at the mouth of the St. Johns river 
is safe and large, and has sufficient depth of water for ordinary sea-going craft. St. 

Augustine has a safe harbor 
for moderate-sized vessels and 
usual ocean steamers; and 
Smyrna and Jupiter inlet 
connect with Indian and 
Halifax rivers, which run for 
long distances. Farther 
south are smaller ports, and 
the Turtle harbor, deep, large, 
and safe. The terminus of 
the Great Southern Railroad, 
proposed to be built at the ex- 
treme southern point of 
Florida, is Key West, one of 
the best, if not the best port 
in North America, where the 
largest vessels find easy and 
safe approach at all times, 
and where the shipping of 
the world could have ample 
space. On the Gulf there is 
Tampa, with its bay running 
30 miles inland, Charlotte 
harbor, Bayport, Cedar Keys, 
St. Marks, Appalachicola, St. 
Andrews and many interme- 
diate harbors, the outlets of 
bays and rivers running far 
into the interior. To the ex- 
treme west we have the mag- 
nificent harbor of Pensacola, land-locked, large, and deep; the largest vessels of the 
world can easily float to the city docks. Here the United States have a large navy-yard 
and floating dry dock, Fort Pickens and Fort McCrea, both first-class in building and 
equipment. Pensacola was early settled by the Spanish ; it is a beautiful city, and a 
place of extensive commerce. It is connected with the North by railroads, and with 
Gulf ports by steamers and vessels. Its principal business now is the manufacture, 
getting out and shipping of lumber to foreign ports. The immediate vicinity of Pensa- 
cola is heavily timbered, and numerous bayous, bays and rivers afford easy and cheap 
access to the lumber near and far; over sixty millions feet is the present capacity of the 
mills, and it will take years to exhaust the near supply. Foreign ships of large ton- 




Cabbage Palmetto Hammocks — South Florida. 



38 



Semi - Tropical Florida; 



nage, from European ports, may be seen by the hundreds loading in the bay and at the 
wharves. This past season, cotton, coal, petroleum and Western produce have been 
added to her exports, and it must soon become one of the largest exporting points for 
the South and West. Aside from safety, easy approach, depth of water, and being 
unaffected by storms, Florida ports are never affected by ice, which is a serious draw- 
back to all ports north of Delaware. 



PORT OF FERNANDINA. 

Entrances and Clearances (Foreign), from May, 1878, to May, 1879. 

Number of American vessels entered, 21; tonnage, 

Foreign " " 12 

" American " cleared, 28 

" Foreign " " 15 



COASTWISE. 

Number of vessels entered, 190; tonnage, 
" " cleared, 182; 



Cotton, pounds, 
Cotton Seed, pounds, - 
Rosin, barrels, 
Turpentine, gallons, - 
Sawed Lumber, feet, 
Hewed " " 



136,217 

1,042,490 

13,359 

2,232,643 

9,764,000 

24,162 



value. 



4,830 
6,870 
7,031 
8,339 

123,641 
119,543 



Statement of Products exported from Port of Fernandina, Florida, Jan., 1S78, to 

May, 1879. 



Total value, 



$ 29,864 

96,570 

29,099 

79,963 

135,655 

6,056 

$377,207 



PORT OF ST. MARYS. 

Entrances and Clearances, from May 1, 1878, to May 1, 1879. 

Number of foreign vessels entered, 50; tonnage, --.... 67,400 

" " " cleared, 52; " ---.._ 18,115 

COASTWISE. 

Number of vessels entered, 46; tonnage, --.--.-_ 14340 

" cleared, 44; " - - - - . . - . . 13,760 

Exports from January, 1878, to May, 1879. 

Lumber, feet, .... 20,641,000 ; value, - - - ■ . . $258,000 

Rosin, barrels, - 161,129; " - - - 33,870 

Turpentine, barrels, - - - 1,725 ; " - - ... . 25,875 

Total value, ----.--..•... $317,745 

Note.— Properly, the arrivals and clearances, and exports of the port of St. Marys, 
should be added to and be a part of the Fernandina tables, as both places are situated 
in the same harbor and are reached by the same common entrance. 



Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 



39 



PORT OF JACKSONVILLE. 

Exports and Imports by Sea. 
Lumber and Shingles, domestic, feet, 



foreign, 



Value at Jacksonville, 
Foreign exports, 



Number of steamers, arrived, 100 

" vessels " 190 

" (foreign) " 30 



Arrivals and Clearances. 
tonnage, 



Total arrivals, 
Number of steamers 



326 



cleared, 109 
vessels " 198 

" (foreign) ' " 41 



Total clearances, 



348 



Total tonnage, 
tonnage, 

Total tonnage, 



000,000 

000,000 

325,000 

22,000 



92,605 
40,162 
14,375 

147,112 

86,676 
47,234 
12,766 

146,676 



The above items were obtained from the Collector's office, but the records were not 
kept at the office previous to the term of the present collector, and are not full. As the 
records of the commerce of Jacksonville are only attainable by application to 
individuals and officers Of corporations, time has not permitted us to present even an 
approximate estimate of its extent. In a future edition we trust that such information will 
be attainable. That it is large, is evident from the annual increase of steamship and 
steamboat lines, and the regular as well as transient vessels which find constant and 
profitable business in freight and travel. 




40 Semi - Tropical Florida; 



EDUCATION. 



The public school system of the State we have in former pages noticed, and we now 
add more detailed information. The schools have increased nearly one-half in num- 
bers, longer school terms are held, with increased enrollment and attendance, and more 
and better qualified and efficient teachers employed. Many counties have increased 
their appropriation for schools. All this is evidence of zeal in officers, and appreciation 
of the value of education on the part of the people. From the State Superintendent's- 
Report we extract the following: 

Schools, 992; children of school age, 72,985; pupils enrolled, 36,964; attendance,, 
36,961 ; cost per pupil per year, 85 cts. to $7.99. 

The school fund receivers annually from the Peabody Fund, which is mostly appro* 
priated to aiding schools of high grade and scholarship. High schools are established 
in the larger cities, and graded schools where the number of pupils warrant it. Uni- 
form and permanent text-books are being introduced, and improvements suggested by 
experience are adopted. Beside the common schools, the State years ago established 
two State seminaries — one at Gainesville in East Florida, the other at Tallahassee, in 
Middle Florida. The United States donated 85,714 acres of land to these seminaries. 
About one-half has been sold, from which a fund of $98,000 has been realized, and the 
income from it is available for these institutions. The lands donated to Florida by the 
United States for an Agricultural College have been sold, and the funds invested, and 
are accumulating. A small portion has been expended in an unwise attempt to estab- 
lish a College of Agriculture. When a judicious and well-considered plan shall be 
adopted, the State will inaugurate a beneficent work. Besides the above free schools 
there are first-class private schools in the cities, towns and country, where pupils are 
taught by first-class teachers. Everything looks favorable for continued progress and 
improvement in education in the State. The Freedman, as a general thing, is availing 
himself of educational advantages, which is a hopeful sign of intelligence in that race 
in future. The large class of hitherto uneducated white persons is also feeling a deep 
interest in schools. No tax is more willingly or cheerfully paid than the school tax. 



CHURCHES 



PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL. 

Parishes and Missions, --■'"; " ---------- - ST 

Clergy, ----- 17 

Families, ..----...-..... 900« 

Communicants, ...... -^ ...... . 1,600 

Sunday School Teachers, -*---'-..... 173: 

" " Scholars/ ........... 1,504 

Contributions, 1878, .-----...... $18,217.93 

This church is having a steady and healthy growth in this State. Most of the build- 
ings have been built since 1865, and are of the Gothic style. Recently, active mission- 
ary measures have been inaugurated. 



Its Climate. Soil and Productions. 



41 



PRESBYTERIAN. 

The Presbyterian denomination was quite large and increasing previous to the war, 
but the changes of that period, as with other churches, seriously affected it, both in 
numbers and property. Many of the most active had removed ; all were more or less 
impoverished. Since the war, though slowly, yet surely this church is recovering and 
increasing. 

There are some 30 church buildings, 15 ministers, and 1,000 communicants; then- 
are two Presbyteries in the State. 




Ouange Grove. 



METHODIST EPISCOPAL. 

The Methodist denomination in Florida, as in most new and sparsely settled countries,, 
has the same zealous activity and unselfish preachers, " going about doing good." It 
is one of the largest in numbers and character. Its statistics for 1878 are as follows : 

Preachers, ..--.. - 107 

Members, 9,582 

Church Property, - $108,715 

The above has reference only to the Methodist Episcopal Church (South), white.. 
There are some of the churches connected with the Methodist Episcopal Church 
(North) white, and also there is the African Methodist Episcopal Church, which in 
numbers far exceed all combined, as the colored population are almost without, 
exception connected with the Methodist and Baptist churches. 



42 Semi - Tropical Florida ; 



MASONRY IN FLORIDA. 

We liave obtained from Grand Secretary D. C. Dawkins, who is also Inspector 
■General (33d D), the following: 

Number of Grand Lodges, - - . 1 

" Councils, - 3 

" Commanderies, ._-_-. 2 

" Lodges of Perfection, - 2 

Lodges, .--...--_--- 83 

■Members, 2,043 

This, 1879, is the 50th year of the Grand Lodge in Florida. The institution here 
has always embraced our very best citizens, and extreme care and scrutiny pervades all 
lodges in accepting candidates; and many a "brother" from distant parts, sojourning 
here, has had reason to be grateful for sympathy and assistance from brethren here. 
Lodges are to be found in every county, and are increasing as fast as population 
advances. Most have buildings of their own in which to hold meetings. 



FLORIDA NEWSPAPERS. 

The following is a list of the Newspapers printed in Florida, with Post Office 
Address of each : 

•Clear "Water Times, ..........-:. Clear "Water. 

Cedar Keys Journal, ---------- Cedar Keys. 

Daily Florida Union, - Jacksonville. 

Daily Sun and Press, -.--■-'-. Jacksonville. 

Daily Breezej Jacksonville. 

Expositor, Live Oak. 

Fast Florida Banner, - - Ocala. 

Florida Agriculturist, entirely devoted to agricultural interests, - - - De Land. 

Florida Mirror, Fernandina. 

Fernandina Express, Fernandina. 

Florida Citizen, ----- Apopka City. 

Florida Press, - - St. Augustine. 

Floridian Weekly, -.... Tallahassee. 

Gainesville Sun, ...--.. Gainesville. 

Gainesville Times, Gainesville. 

Key West Vidette, Key West. 

Key of the Gulf, Key West. 

Lake City Reporter, - , Lake City. 

Marianna Courier, - Marianna. 

Madison Recorder, Madison. 

Monticello Constitution, - - - - Monticello. 

Mandarin Advertiser, Mandarin. 

New Smyrna Star, - New Smyrna. 

Orlando Reporter, ------------ Orlando. 

Patriot, Tallahassee. 

Pensacola Gazette, Pensacola. 

Pensacola Advance, - Pensacola. 

Palatka Herald, ----- Palatka. 

Quincy Herald, Quincy. 

Surupter County Advance, Leesburg. 

Standard, - - Milton. 

Sunland Tribune, - Tampa. 

St. Johns Weekly, St. Augustine. 

South Florida Journal, ----- Sanford. 

Volusia County News, - Enterprise. 

Tampa Guardian, - Tampa. 

The Boys Delight, ...'-- Hawkinsville. 



Its Climate, Soil and Productions. 



GENERAL REMARKS. 



Being limited both as to time and space, we have been able only briefly to notice 
the important salient points of the State, and many features have been passed over; for 
instance, in most of the counties there are streams and lakes which afford ample and 
cheap water-power for mills and manufactories. In some counties, especially the 
middle and western, they are frequent and constant, and conveniently distributed. 
Most of the Spanish grants were made on condition that mills should be erected, and, 
as the maps show, they are situated in most sections. Again, we would have desired 
to take each county separately, and give a detailed description of boundaries, soil, 

timber, topography, popu- 
lation, situation and adap- 
tability for special and 
general productions. We 
should like to have given 
a description of the vast 
cattle ranges of South 
Florida, where thousands 
of stock range and feed at 
will through the whole 
year, with no care but the 
annual "branding," and 
herding and driving when 
to be sold for export. 
Then there are the exten- 
sive fishing grounds of 
over twelve hundred miles 
of coast and as many more 
miles of sounds, bays and 
rivers, which abound in 
the best species of fish, 
and shell-fish of a superior 
quality, found nowhere 
else. The red fish (snap- 
per), bass, trout, mullet, 
pompino, shad, Spanish 
mackerel, the green turtle, 
oysters, clams and shrimp, as yet are abundant. Fresh-water fish, such as trout, bass, 
sheephead, bream, etc., are found in every stream and lake and pond. Wild game, 
ducks, turkies, deer and bear roam the woods and plain ; the tortoise family frequent 
all places; the possum and rabbit are met with in all directions; birds of plumage and 
song, the mocking bird, and pink curlew, are common; the robbin, clove and quail 
afford food and sport. We should have desired to note the heavy timbered Gulf coun- 
ties and the fine farming lands of West Florida, originally settled and now mostly 
occupied by intelligent, industrious Scotch; the fine rolling fertile lands of Middle 
Florida, where, before the war, the hospitable, wealthy old-time planter welcomed all ; 
the rich hammock and pine lands of Aluchua and adjoining counties, which were 
sought by the sugar and cotton planter. The second tier of counties from the ocean 
contains much first-class pine and hammock, and was settled by small farmers. The 
counties bordering the St. Johns are heavily timbered, with occasional hammocks 




Geeen Cove Springs. 



44 Semi- Tropical Florida; its Climate, Soil, etc. 

and swamps ; they were originally settled by the earlier Spanish, French and English 
colonists, later, by immigration from adjoining Southern States, and still later, by both. 
Northern and Southern immigrants, whose main purpose is cultivation of fruit. 

We hope, in the subsequent publications from this Bureau, to give complete and full' 
information of each and all sections of the State, and, with our present arrangements 
for personal inquiry, and reliable and. intelligent agents and correspondents, to obtain 
and give such detailed information that we can present a comprehensive exhibit which 
will enable those from abroad, as well as at home, to familiarize themselves withj 
Florida. 



THE YELLOW FEVER. 



Our Commissioner .is in receipt of many letters from the North making inquiries 
as to the above much-dreaded disease. There seems to be a prevalent idea that yellow 
fever is not only a frequent but widely spread disease over the whole South. Now, 
while we frankly say that this fearful epidemic has at long intervals raged more or less 
at the South, yet in Florida there have been but few places where it has been an epi- 
demic, and with the exception of Jacksonville, Gainesville and Callahan, always at 
Gulf and Atlantic ports, in every instance brought by vessels, name and time known. 
In Jacksonville, in 1857, it was not very fatal ; in 1877, out of many cases, but few were 
yellow fever, and of those but a small per cent, resulted in death. The sanitary condi- 
tion of these places was not good,. and afforded conditions favorable to its development. 
Jacksonville is now introducing an extensive system of waterworks, sewerage, and 
other sanitary improvements, which, when completed, will, with its natural topographi- 
cal features, insure immunity from all malarial or typhoid diseases. In 1877, when, 
the disease prevailed to some degree in Callahan — a station some twenty miles from 
Fernandina — taken there by refugees from Fernandina, and also at Gainesville, on line 
of same road, fifty miles distant from Cedar Keys, on the Gulf. With the exception of 
the above two places, and of that year, no yellow fever has ever been known in any 
inland town or interior place in -the State. In fact, on every occasion when disease has 
prevailed at the ocean and gulf ports, citizens have removed to points in the interior. 
Inland towns have freely invited and welcomed them from the infected districts. In 
no place so resorted to has yellow fever occurred — a fact which should assure all that 
at points in the interior, whether near or distant from infected places, even though in 
connection by railroad, danger is not to be apprehended. The recent quarantine regu- 
lations, national, State and municipal, being rigid, and separated from any party favor 
or patronage, will be carried out carefully ; and this, with the increased attention, both 
private and public, to domestic and public sanitary measures, will no doubt prevent the. 
importation and spread of disease. 



' Send for new edition of this pamphlet, to be issued January 1, 1880. 
HSf" For Pamphlets {with Map of State), giving full information regarding Florida^ 
its climate, soil, productions, prices of lands, terms of sale, etc., etc., address SETS 
FRENCH, Commissioner, etc., No. 3 Ross Block, Jacksonville, Fla. 



THROUGH RATES OF PASSAGE 



FROM SOME 



PRIUOIPAL POINTS 



■TO 



JACKSONVILLE, FLA. 



MAY 31st, 1879. 



-PEOM- 



FIKST CLASS. 
Limited. 



New York City $33.40 

Philadelphia, Pa 31.90 

Baltimore, Md 30.40 

Washington, D. 0. - 29.90 

Boston, all Rail 40 .1 5 

Boston, Sound, from New York 36 . 65 

Richmond, Va 29.40 

Chicago, 111 39.1 

Cleveland, O.. 41.40 

Detroit, Mich 42.35 

Toledo, 40.50 

St. Louis, Mo 36.00 

Cincinnati, O. 34.60 

Columbus, 38.20 

Indianapolis, Ind 34 . 60 

Louisville, Ky 30.60 

Evansville, Ind 30.25 

Cairo,Ill 31.10 

Terre Haute, Ind 33 . 35 

Nashville, Tenn 25.00 

Memphis, Tenn 27.00 

St. Paul, Minn 54.35 

Milwaukee, Wis. . .. 42 .1 

New Orleans, La 28.20 

Mobile, Ala 2 7.45 

Montgomery, Ala. 1 8 .45 

Vicksburg, Miss 35 .30 

Selma, Ala 20.55 



EMIGRANT. 



$31.85 

33.00 
33.65 
32.45 
29.20 
28.10 
31.10 
28.10 
24.85 
24.60 
25.35 
27.35 
20.20 
21.85 
47.10 
34.85 



MALLORY'S LINE 

To and. iFVom. F'lorid.a- 



Only Steamships to and from Jacksonville! 

Sailing every Friday at 3 P. M., from Pier No. 20, East 
River, New York. 

Sailing every Thursday from Jacksonville. 



Connections made at Jacksonville -with all 
Boats for points on the St. Johns and Ockla- 
waha rivers, and by the Florida Central R. R.» 

WITH ALL INTERIOR POINTS. 



Tills toeing tne only Line running 



m 



JACKSONVILLE W1TH0 



nnnm m 



mm 



u 



Offers superior advantages to Passengers and shippers of Freight. 



To persons presenting orders of the Commissioner of Im- 
migration of Florida, we will furnish 



First-class Passenger Tickets to Jacksonville for - 
STEERAGE, - ------ - 

Liberal Reduction made on Freight. 



$20 
$10 



Full Information furnished upon application to 

C. H. MALLOBY & CO., Agents, P. McQUAID, 



Pier 20, East River, 

NEW YORK CITY. 



48 "West Bay Street, 
JACKSONVILLE, FLA. 



C i 



MARK AND SHIP ALL FREIGHT BY THE 

MALLORY LINE/ 



P»IEK 30, E. K. 



O. H. MALLORY & CO., - - AGENTS, 

OFFICE ON THE PIER. 



FREIGHT RATES. 



New York, June 1st, 1879. 



Barrels Flour per bbl. 

Half bbls. Flour 

Bread per bbl. 

Bacon per 100 lbs. 

Beef and Pork per bbl. 

" per % bbl. 

Boots and Shoes, strapped per ft 

Boxes — Blacking, Ink, Mustard, Olives, 
Prunes, Canned Milk, Pepper, Starch, 
Soda, Candy, Crackers, Cordials, Mac- 

caroni each 

Half boxes each 

Brooms and Brushes per doz. 

Butter and Cheese per 100 lbs. 

Candles, 40 lb. boxes each 

Cider and Vinegar per bbl 

Coffee per 100 lbs. 

Codfish per 100 lbs 

Canned Meats and Vegetables per box 

Drugs and Medicines per ft, 

Dried Fruits per 100 lbs. 

Eggs,0. R per bbl. 

Fish per bbl. 

." per V2 bbl. 

Furniture and Cabinet Ware per ft. 

Grain, Wheat & Corn,good bags only, per bu. 

Groceries, not otherwise specified per ft. 

Hams per 100 lbs. 

Hardware per 100 lbs. 

Hats and Caps, strapped per ft. 

Lard per 100 lbs. 

Liquors, (Foreign) per gall. 

Liquors, (Domestic) per gall. 

Leather per 100 lbs. 

Molasses per gall. 

Meas't Goods, not specified per ft. 

Nails per 100 lbs. or per keg 

Oats per bush" 

Oil, in casks or barrels per gall. 

Paints and Putty per 100 lbs. 

Pepper and Spices per bag 

Pickles per bbl. 

" per 5 gall, keg 

Potatoes per bbl. 

Saddlery and Harness per ft. 

Shot, in kegs per 100 lbs. 

Shovels, Spades, Hoes, Forks and Rakes, 
in bundles per % doz. 

Soap, (Common) per 100 lbs. 

Stoves, O. R per ft. 

Sugar, in hhds. or bbls per 100 lbs. 

Smoked Meats per 100 lbs. 

Tea per che6t 

" per 14 chest 

Tobacco , per 100 lbs. 

Vegetables per bbl. 

Wines and Liquors per box 

Wooden and Tin Ware per ft. 



« a 



24 

15 
80 
18 
45 

24 



21 
12 
21 
36 
21 
45 
18 
18 
21 
7'., 
27 
54 
42 
24 

t l A 

6 

7'/ 2 
18 
18 

TA 
30 

4 

3 
24 

3 

iy* 

18 

6 

2 
18 
30 
54 
18 
30 

V/ t 
18 

21 
18 

l l A 
18 
18 
54 
30 
24 
30 
24 

6 



sou. 

73 03 *- 



l*o 

2 ijT 

'-S ct s» 

. tea 
Sao 

9Q." IS 



24 
15 

24 
42 
24 
54 
21 
24 
21 
9 
30 

co 

45 

30 

9 
10 
9 

24 
24 

9 
36 

5 

4 
30 

3 

9 
24 

8 

3 
24 
36 
60 
21 
30 

9 
2 4 

21 
24 

9 
24 
24 
BO 
36 
30 
36 
30 

7V 



36 
24 
86 
57 
36 
93 
36 
36 
86 

15 

42 
93 

75 

45 

15 

18 

15 

36 

12 

15 

54 

6 

5 

51 

5 

15 

36 

9 

4 

36 

54 

1.05 

30 

54 

15 

36 

57 
36 
14 

36 
86 

B4 

54 

42 
54 
45 
12 



> s 



33 

24 
3!) 
48 
83 
84 
33 
33 
33 
12 
45 
75 

69 

45 

12 

12 

12 

38 

33 

12 

45 

6 

5 

45 

4 

12 

33 

9 

4 

33 

48 

90 

30 

15 
12 
33 

39 
33 
19 

33 
33 

75 

45 

39 

51 
45 
18 



REGULAR 

PASSAGE RATES 

FIRST CLASS. 



From NEW YORK to 

Archer $26 . 30' 

Aucilla 28.50 

Beecher 25. Oft 

Beresford 27.00 

Blue Springs 27.00 

Bronson 26.75 

Brunswick 20.00 

Cedar Keys 28.40 

Chattahoochee 32.50 

Cabbage Bluff 27.00 

Drayton Island 26.00 

Enterprise 28.00 

Federal Point 25.00 

Fernandina 20.00 

Gainesville 25 50' 

Green Cove Springs 24.00 

Georgetown 26.00 

Hiberuia 24.00 

Hawkiusville 27.00 

Jacksonville 23.00 

Lake City 25.00 

Live Oak 26.25 

Lloyds 29.25 

Madison 27.50 

Magnolia 24.00 

Mandarin 24.00 

Monticello 29.25 

Mount Royal 26.00 

Mellouville 28.00 

Orange Bluff 27.00 

Orange Mills 25.00 

Picolata 25.00 

Palatka 24.00 

Port Royal 20.00 

Quincy 31 .50 

Rosewood 27 90 

San Mateo 25.00 

Sanford 28.00 

Saint Mark 31.25 

Saint Augustine 26.00 

Silver Springs 31 .00 

Stark 24.30 

Tallahassee 30.25 

Tokoi 25.00 

Volusia 27.00 

Waldo S6.S5 

Welaka 25.00- 



Steerage, to Local and Railroad 
Points, $10 less than Cabin. 

Steerage, to St. Johns River, 
$11 less than Cabin. 



GOODS TAKEN" IN" BOND. 



National Line, 

Comprising Twelve of the Largest Steamers (belonging to one Company) in the Atlantic Passenger Service. 

THE MAGNIFICENT, FULL-POWERED BRITISH IRON SCREW STEAMSHIPS, 
ARE INTENDED TO SAIL FROM 

LIVERPOOL TO NETW YORK 

Every Wednesday, from QUEENSTOWN the following day, and from 

LQZ7DON TO NEIW YORK 

Flvery Wednesday. From NEW YORK to LIVERPOOL every Saturday, calling at QUEENSTOWN, 
and NEW YORK to LONDON every Wednesday. 



PASSAGE KATES, WHEN PAID IN GKEtEAT BRITAIN ARE 

SALOON FARES TO NEW YORK, - - f O, f 2 AND I 5 GUINEAS, 

According to the position of State Room, all having same privileges in the Saloon. 
Beturn Tickets, 24 and 22 Guineas. Children under 12 years. Half Fare. Infants Tree. 

.A Liberal Table supplied for these rates, except Wines and Liquors, which may be obtained on board,— 

Steward's Fee included. 
Berths may be secured on deposit of £5, the balance to be paid the day before sailing. Each adult is 
allowed 20 cubic feet for luggage, free to go on board with the Passengers in the Tender on the day 
of sailing. 

STEERAGE PASSAGE, to or from New York, Boston, Philadelphia and Baltimore, - - £6:0:0. 

Children under 8 years, £3 0s. Infants under 1 year, £1 1$. Being six shillings less than most Lines. 
Passages can be engaged on deposit of One Pound on each berth. Postoffice Orders or Bank Drafts 
■to.be made payable to the undersigned, with particulars of name, age and occupation of each passenger. 



FLORIDA, 



.Passengers booked from all parts of England) Ireland, Scotland and Wales, and the Continent of Europe, 

to JMpw York. Thenee by "Mallory's Line" to Fernandina and Jacksonville, at which ports in 

(Florida direct connection is made with the Florida Central, and Jacksonville, Pensacola 

& Mobile R'ys, and the Atlantic, Gulf & West India Transit Co.'s It. K. to all 

CITIES ANI> TOWSS Ii\ THE STATE OF FLORIDA, thus opening 

up to intending Emigrants the finest Agricultural, Fruit, 

Berry and Stock Raising districts, nowhere 

equaled in America. 



Steerage Passengers, on their arrival at New York, will be landed at the Government Depot, Castle 
'Garden, which Institution was established to prevent Passengers being imposed upon on their arrival, 
and where they can buy Tickets for, and receive every information respecting the departure of Trains, 
.Steamboats, etc. 

STEERAGE BILL OF FARE.— Abundance of provisions supplied, all of the best quality, and 
which are examined and put on board under the inspection of Her Majesty's Emigration Officers, and 
.cooked and served out by the Company's servants three times daily. 

BEDDING.— Every Passenger will be provided with a comfortable berth to sleep in, each grown-up 
:person having a separate berth; the Steerage Passengers will have to provide themselves with beds, bed- 
ding and towels, as also a knife and fork each, one tablespoon, one teaspoon, one tin plate, and one 
.drinking can ; which can be purchased for a few shillings in Liverpool, Queenstown or London. 

LUGGAGE.— Ten cubic feet allowed for luggage for Steerage, and twenty feet for Saloon Passengers: 
over that quantity a charge of is. for each cubic foot will be made. Steerage Passengers must have their 
.luggage ready to go on board the steamer on the day preceding the day of sailing. 

BERTHING.— Married. couples and their young children are berthed together. Single females are 
placed in rooms by themselves, under charge of a stewardess. 

All Passengers are liable to be rejected by the captain of the ship, who, upon examination, are found 
to be lunatic, idiot, deaf, dumb, blind, maimed or infirm, or above the age of 60 years, or widow with a 
child or children, or any woman without a husband and with a child or children, or who from sickness or 
disease existing at the time of departure are likely soon to become a public charge. 

All Steerage Passengers embarking at Liverpool must be at the Office of the Company, 23 Water 
Street, Liverpool, not later than 6 p. m. on the day before the advertised date of sailing, before which 
time the balance of the passage money must be paid, or the deposit forfeited. Passengers embarking at 
London to pay balance of passage money to SMITH, SUNDIUS & CO., 33 Gracechurch Street, before 
embarkation. 

All Steerage Passengers embarking at Queenstown must be at the Office of the Agents (N. & J. 
CUMMINS & BROS.,) not later than 6 o'clock on the evening of the day before sailing, when the balance 
■of the passage money must be paid, or the deposit forfeited. In order to meet the requirements of the 
Government" Emigration Officer, Contract Tickets will be issued for the day previous to the advertised 
date of sailing. Dogs not taken. 

AN EXPERIENCED SURGEON IS ATTACHED TO EACH STEAMER. 

For particulars apply to the Local Agent for the National Steamship Company (Limited) in this 
rtown, or at 

NATIONAL STEAMSHIP COMPANY'S OFFICE, 

23 "Water Street, Liverpool. 
Or to Hon. SETH FRENCH, Commissioner for the State of Florida, Officeof this Company.. 



NATIONAL LINE OF STEAMSHIPS, 

BETWEEN NEW YORK, LIVERPOOL, QUEENSTOWN & LONDON. 



FLEET. 



SPAIN. Capt. B. W. Grace, 4,871 Tons. 

EGYPT, " F. Grogan, 6,089 

ENGLAND, " W.H. Thompson, 4,900 " 
THE QUEEN, " G. Alltree, 4,471 " 

HELVETIA, " J. W. Rogers, 4,588 " 



ERIN, 



C. II. Andrews, 4,577 



CANADA, 

GREECE, 

FRANCE, 

HOLLAND, 

DEN MIRK, 

ITALY, 



Capt. 



J. Sumner, 
\V. Pearce, 
J. T. Bragg, 
T. P. Hooley, 
R. P.Williams, 
D. Simpson, 



4,276 Tons. 
4,310 " 
8,676 " 
8,847 " 
3,724 » 
4,341 " 



One of the above magnificent Steamers will sail from the Company's New Pier, No. 39 

North River, every Saturday, for Queenst :>wn and Liverpool, and every Wednesday 

from the same Pier, for London Direct (Victoria Docks). 

The Steamships of this Line are amongst the largest iu the Atlantic service leaving the port of New 
York. They have heen constructed by the most celebrated builders in Great Britain, and are of great 
strength and power, and of beautiful model, enabling them to make regular passages in all kinds of 
weather. They are built entirely of iron and steel, (except the merely decorative parts,) and divided 
into water tight and fire-proof compartments, with steam pumping, hoisting and steering gear, and 
provided with fire extinguishers, improved sounding apparatus, and generally found throughout in 
everything calculated to add to their SAFETY, and to the COMFORT and CONVENIENCE of pas- 
sengers, heretofore unattained at sea. The Company itself takes the risk of insurance, to the amount 
of $500,000, on each of its Steamers, while the most southerly routes, (although somewhat the longest, 
yetpleasantest and safest,) have always been adopted, and fogs, ice and headlands thus avoided. 

SALOON.— The Saloons are unusually spacious, some of them being 150 feet in length, and are par- 
ticularly well lighted and ventilated. The State Rooms, all on the Main Deck, (in some of the Steamers 
opening off the Saloons,) are exceptionally large, lightand airy, and are furnished throughout with every 
requisite to make the ocean passage a comfortable and easy one. Pianos, Ladies' Saloons, both on deck 
and below, Gentlemen's Smoking Room, and Ladies' and Gentlemen's Bath Rooms, are provided. Cabin 
Passengers are provided with everything required on the voyage, without extra charge, except Wines and 
Liquors, which can be procured on board at reasonable rates. The Cuisine is of the very highest order. 

STEERAGE. — Special attention has been given in the construction of the Steamers to provide for 
the comfort of Steerage Passengers, the accommodation being unsurpassed for airiness and room, light, 
good ventilation and general arrangements. Owing to the great size of the Steamers and their steadi- 
ness at sea, the liability of passengers to sea sickness is much less than on board smaller steamers. 

The Steamers have covered-in Decks over their whole length, allowing Passengers in good weather 
nnobi-tructed lengthof promenade that is unequaled, and affording in bad weather a complete protection 
from wet and exposure, while at the same time allowing spacious room for exercise. The deck space is 
over 400 feet in length, and from 42 to 45 feet wide. 

The sleeping accommodation is well lighted, warmed and comfortable, the height between decks being 
greater than in most steamers. Married couples, with their young children, are Derthed by themselves 5 ; 
sius-le men and womenin separate rooms, apart from each other, the strictest privacy being thus secured. 
During the day all can associate together and mess at the same table. 

Stewardesses are in attendance on women and children. Medicine and Medical Attendance free to 
every passenger. 

AGENTS have been appointed in all the principal cities and towns in the United States and Canada. 
Saloon and Steerage Tickets can be purchased from them at the same rates as iu New York. Berths can 
be secured in advance, as Agents are furnished with plans of Saloon and Cabins Persons wishing to 
send for their friends can obtain Through Tickets from any place in the Old Country to any Railway 
Station in America. 

STEERAGE PASSENGERS arriving at New York are landed at Castle Garden, under the care of the 
Commissioners of Emigration. Those booked to the interior, are furnished with railway tickets through 
to destination, and their baggage is checked and forwarded to the Railway Depot in New York without 
extra cost. Perfect protection is in this way secured for passengers and their baggage. 

PA.SS-A.GS-E RA-TJCS {lohen paid in America.) 
SALOON. 
NEW YORK to QUEENSTOWN and LIVERPOOL,. - - 
Prepaid Ticket*, - $60 to $75. Excursion, 

NEW YORK to LONDON 1 , Direct Steamer, ..... o . 
Prepaid Tickets, - $50 to $60. Excursion, 

Prices charged according to the location of State Rooms. 

STEEEAGE. 
Rates for Steerage Passage to or from Now York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston, Portland, and 
principal Ports of England. Ireland, Scotland and Wales, viz: 

Liverpool, Queenstown, Glasgow, Belfast, Londonderry, Cardiff, or Bristol #36.00 

London, (by direct Steamer) _■ $26.00 

Dublin, (via Liverpool) 183 7.00 

London, (via Liverpool Steamer)... '. $29.00 

EsT The above rates are $2 00 lowei- than most lines. 
Hates for Continental and Scandinavian Ports : 

Paris, Havre, Antwerp, Amsterdam. Rotterdam, Harlingen, Groningen 932.00 

Hamburg, Bremen, Stettin, Mannheim $32. OO 

Christiauia, Christ iausand, Stavenger, Bergen, Drontheim _ $32.00 

Gothenburg, Stockholm, Malnio, Copenhagen $32.00 

Children, under 12 years, half of above fares. 

Infants, under one year— from Europe, prepaid, $3.00; from America, or Outward, are free. 



= . $30, $00, $70. 
$110 and $130. 



$100. 



$50 to $60. 



For Prepaid Passage to bring your friends from the Old Country direct to Florida, Bank Drafts, Sover- 
eigns, etc., apply to Local Agents in all tow, s in the State of Florida along the 1'nes of the Florida 
Central, and Jacksonville, Peusacola & Mobile R'ys, and Atlantic, Gulf & West India Transit Co.'s R. It., 
leading to Fernandina and Jacksonville. -p xsr J HURST Manager 

69 and 73 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. 



Atlantic, Gulf &West India Transit R.R. 

AND PENINSULAR DIVISION. 



LOCAL RATES OF PASSAGE, 

In Effect January 1st, 1879. 



FROM 

FERNANDINA 



TO 



Hart's Road 
Callahan . . . 
Baldwin . . . 
Maxville . . . 
Trail Ridge. 

Lawtey 

Ternpleton . 

Starke 

Thurston . . . 

Waldo 

Fairbanks . . 
Gainesville . 
Arredondo. . 
Battonville 

Archer 

Albion 

Bronson .... 
Otter Creek. 
Rosewood . . 
Oyster Cove 
Cedar Keys . 



CO 


02 
CS 

6 


CO 

72 

5 


q 

So 


s 


02 

1-1 


T3 
CM 


a 

63 


12 


$ .60 


$ .50 


$ .30 


37 


1.35 


1.10 


.65 


47 


3.00 


1.85 


1.30 


53 


2.00 


1.85 


1.30 


63 


3.00 


1.85 


1.50 


66 


2.00 


1.85 


1.65 


71* 


2.25 


2.00 


1.75 


73 


2.30 


2.10 


1.80 


77 


2.50 


2.25 


1.90 


84 


2.85 


2.50 


3,10 


92 


3.15 


2.85 


2.25 


98 


3.50 


3.20 


2.50 


104 


3.85 


3.50 


2.65 


108 


4.05 


3.65 


2.65 


113 


4.30 


3.85 


2.75 


117 


4.50 


4.00 


2.90 


133 


4.75 


4.35 


3.00 


'134 


5.35 


4.75 


3.25 


145 


5.90 


5.35 


3.50 


151 


6.20 


5.50 


3.65 


155 


6.50 


5.75 


4.00 



FROM 

BALDWIN 

TO 



Fernandina. 
Hart's Road 
Callahan . . . 
Maxville . . . 
Trail Ridge. 

Lawtey 

Ternpleton. . 

Starke 

Thurston . . . 

Waldo 

Fairbanks . . 
Gainesville . 
Arredondo . 
Battonville . 

Archer 

Albion 

Bronson 
Otter Creek. 
Rosewood . . 
Oyster Cove 
Cedar Keys. 



47 

35 

20 
6 

15 

19 

34i 

26 

30 

37 

45 

51 

57 

61 

66 

70 

75 

87 

98 
104 
108 



$3.00 

1.75 

1.00 

.30 

.75 

.95 

1.35 

1.30 

1.50 

1.85 

3.15 

2.50 

3.85 

3-05 

3.30 



O 



51.85 
1.40 
.80 
.35 
.60 
.75 
1.00 
1.05 
1.30 
1.50 
1.85 
3.05 
2.30 
2.45 
2.65 
2.80 
3.00 
3.50 
3.95 
4.15 
4.35 



1 

I 

fa 



$1.30 

.90 

.50 

.25 

.40 

.50 

.60 

.60 

.70 

.90 

1.05 

1.30 

1.45 

1.45 

1.55 

1.75 

1.80 

3.05 

2.30 

2.60 

2.80 



^Eisri^srsTJi-.^i^ iDi^isioisr. 



Waldo (Junction). 
Santa Fe 


84 

91 

99 

104 

131 


$3.85 
3.35 
3.60 
3.85 
5.35 


$2.50 
2.80 
3.10 
3.30 
4.50 


$2.10 
2.35 
2.50 
2.60 
3.30 


Waldo (Junction). 


37 

44 
52 

57 

84 


$1.85 
2.20 
2.60 
2.85 
4.20 


$1.50 
1.75 
2.10 
2.30 
4.15 


$ .90 
1 10 


Lochlusa 


1.30 

1 45 


Ocala 


2.10 







local ti:m::e] cdj^t^id 





10.40 a.m. 




5.25 a. m. 


" Baldwin 






9.29 " 


" Waldo 


3.51 " 


" Waldo 


10.27 " 




.... 4.52 " 


" Baldwin 


1.05 p.m. 




8.35 " 




3.30 " 



) CONNECTIONS^ 



AT FERNANDINA, Daily, with Steamer Florence, for all points Northeast, West and Northwest. 

" Semi-weekly, with Savannah and Charleston Steamers, and Weekly with direct 

Line to New York. 
AT BALDWIN, Daily, with F. C. R. R., for Jacksonville and all points on St. Johns River. 
" Daily, with F. C. R. R., for Tallahassee and all points in Middle Florida. 

AT WALDO, Daily, (Sunday excepted), with Peninsular Railroad, Santa Fe Lake, etc. 
AT GAINESVILLE, Tri-weekly, with Stage Line for Ocala and Tampa. 
AT CEDAK KEYS, Semi-weekly, with Steamer Line for Manatee and Tampa; with Weekly Line of 

Steamers to New Orleans, Key West and Havana; and with other Boat Lines, for all points on the 

Gulf Coast and Suwannee and Crystal rivers. 



S. E. MAXWELL, 

Gen'l Superintendent. 



A. 0. MacDONELL, 

General Passenger and Ticket Agent 



THROUGH BATES, VIA Iff ORLEANS. 





Limited 


Emi- 




1st Class. 


grant. 


Chicago to Cedar Keys, via Rail and Steamer from New Orleans 


$38.50 


$26.50 


St. Louis to " " " " " 


33.75 


25.00 


Cairo to " " " " " 


32.50 


22.50 


Galveston, Tex., t» " " " •' " 


22.00 


16.00 


Harrisburg, " to" " " " " 


29.75 


19.00 


Austin, Tex., to " " " " " 


38.30 


23.15 


Sedalia, Mo., to " " " '' " 


44.40 


30.65 


Indianola, Tex., to " " " " " 


34.00 


19.50 



NOTE.— During the quarantine months. Emigrants from the West, via New Orleans, can buy 

Tickets from New Orleans, all Rail to Cedar Keys, at $19. GO 

THROUGH RATES OF FARE 

Prom some of the Principal Cities North, East, West and 
Northwest, for Emigrant Travel. 



New York, N. Y., to Fernandina, 
Philadelphia, Pa., " 
Baltimore, Md., " " 

Washington, D.C., " 
Boston, Mass., " " 

Chicago, 111., " 

Cleveland, Ohio, " " 

Detroit, Mich., " 

Toledo, Ohio, " " 

St. Louis, Mo., 

Cincinnati, Ohio, " " 

Columbus, Ohio, " " 

Indianapolis, Ind., " " 

Louisville, Ky., " " 

Evansville, Ind., " " 
Cairo, 111., " 
Terre Haute, Ind., " 

Nashville, Tenn., " " 

Memphis, TeLn., " " 



via direct Steamer 

via Rail and direct Steamer. 



via Sound Lines and direct Steamer 

j via Rail and direct Steamship Line. . . . 

I via all Rail 

\ via Rail and Steamer from New York . 

I via all Rail 

\ via Rail and Steamer from New York. 

"/ via all Rail 

i via Rail and Steamer from New York. 

I via all Rail 

via all Rail 



$10.00 
12.50 
15.50 
16.50 
13.50 
27.00 
28.65 
24.25 
29.80 
27.50 
30.45 
26.25 
29.25 
26.00 
24.90 
27.90 
24.90 
21.65 
21.40 
22.15 
24.15 
17.00 
18.65 



NOTE 1st -T i make Rates to Cedar Keys, add to above $4.00 

" " Tampa, " " 7.00 

" " Manatee, " " 7.00 

NOTE ad.— The Tampa S. S. Co. will accept on this business Cedar Keys to Tampa and Manatee, 
First Class Passage, $5.00, Meals and Berths included; on Deck (or Emigrant), $3.00, 
meals extra. 

NOTE 3d.— All intermediate points on the Gulf Coast, including points on the Suwannee and Crystal 
rivers, are accessible by small boats from Cedar Keys, and at moderate rates. The Steam- 
er Enterprise is now being fitted up in good style, expressly for the Suwannee trade, and 
will in a few weeks make regular trips. 



D. E. MAXWELL 

General Superintendent 



A. 0. MacDONELL, 

General Passenger and Ticket Agent. 



a 



THE FIINTE STEAMERS, 

GEO. M.BIRD"ani "CARRIE 



n 



EACH IMIJLIKIIE 



TWO REGULAR WEEKLY TRIPS 

:f:ro:m: 

JACKSONVILLE^OINTERPRISE, 

Touching at all Intermediate Points on the 

ST. JOHNS RIVER. 

They are furnished with EVERY CONVENIENCE FOR THE COMFORT OF 

PASSENGERS, and will carry Immigrants at low rates, 
running in close connection with 

C. H. MALLOEY & CO.'S 

LINE OF NEW YOBK STEAMERS, 

"THE WESTERN TEXAS " and "CITY OF DALLAS." 



ZDIST-AJSTCIES. 



JACKSONVILLE TO 

MILES 

Mulberry Grove 10 

Mandarin 18 

Orange Park 15 

Fruit Cove. 19 

Hibernia 23 

Remington Park 23 

Magnolia 28 

Green Cove Springs 30 

Hogarth's Landing 3G 

Picolata 44 

Tocoi (St. Augustine) 49 

Federal Point 57 

Orange Mills 63 

Dancy's Wharf 64 

Palatka 75 

San Mateo 80 

Riverdale 81 

Edgewater Grove 82 

Deep Creek 84. 

Buffalo Bluff 89 

Horse Landing 97 

Nashua 94 

Welaka (Crescent City) 100 

Beecher — 101 



JACKSONVILLE TO 

MILES 

Norwalk 104 

Mount Royal 118 

Perry's Landing 119 

Fort Gates ■. 120 

Georgetown 123 

Racimo 124 

Lake George 125 

Dr. Peter's Landing .,...' . 126 

Drayton Island 127 

Spring Grove 140 

Lake View ... 142 

Volusia ". 144 

Manhattan 146 

Bluffton . 147 

St. Francis 167 

Crow's Bluff 173 

Hawkinsville 174 

Beresford and DeLand 176 

Blue Springs (Orange City) 180 

Wilson's Landing 200 

Earnest Landing 201 

Sanford 204 

Mellonville 205 

Enterprise 211 



NEW YORK TO JACKSONVILLE. 

PACKET LINE. 

VESSELS SAIL EVERY WEEK. 

Time of trip, from 6 to 10 days. 
RATES of FREIGHT VERY LOW 



J^IFIPILi-Sr TO 

GEOR&E E. FOSTER & CO., WARREN RAY, 

Jacksonville, Florida. New York. 

H. L. HARTS LINE 

-OF — 

OCKLAWAHA STEAMERS. 

STEAMER 

Capt. A. L. RICE, 

Leaves Jacksonville Thursdays, 

At 9.00 o'clock a. m. 

Leaves Palatka same night, 

After arrival of Charleston Steamer. 

Arrives at Jacksonville Tuesday afternoon. 

GEO. R. FOSTER, Agent. 

SQUIRE'S 

Regular Weekly Dispatch Line 

~UF — 

SCHOOITERS 

- FROM — 

NEW YORKtoJACKSONVILLE 

OOiTTIiTTTES .A.S TTSTJ\A»Ij. 

JOHN CLARK, GEO. H. SQUIRE, 

Agent at Jacksonville. 91 Front Street, New York. 



For Savannah and all Points No rth, East and West 

The Georgia & Florida Inland Steamboat Co.'s Elegant Steamer, 

CITY OF BRIDGETON, 

JOHN FITZGERALD, Captain, 

T? UNNING STRICTLY INLAND ALL THE WAY, will leave Jacksonville, from foot of Laura Street, 
every Friday, to suit the tide, arriving in Savannah Saturday morning, making close connection with, 
the elegant steamships, the "City of Savannah" and the "City of Macon," sailing on Saturday; also 
with steamships for Baltimore, Philadelphia and Boston, and Railroad Lines to all points North, East 
and West. 

Through Tickets and Bills of Lading issued at lowest rates. For further information, apply to 

A. L. RICHARDSON, A. L. HUNGERFORD, J. S. LAWRENCE, 

Agent, Office on Wharf. Ticket Agent, Office cor. Bay and Pine Sts. Manager, Savannah, Ga. 

IDAHO. ~Z" LUSTIS 

— TO — 

Fort George, Mayport, and the Bar. 



The Elegant Steam Yacht, 1 _. A / W Fl H Capt. F. W. LAMEE, 



GAZELLE/ 



WILL leave her regular landing (Central Wharf), foot of Ocean Street, EVERY AFTERNOON, at 4 
o'clock, for the above place. RETURNING, leave Fort George at 7 a. m., thu| affording the entire 
night in which to enjoy the healthy and invigorating sea breeze from the ocean, and a 6ea bath. 

Carriages will meet the Gazelle at the landing to convey guests to the Fort George Hotel, and Atlantic 
House. 

FARE, FIFTY CENTS. 

^-TICKETS can be had on board, or at the office. H. T. BAYA, Agent. 

PIONEER LINE 

FOR THE 

Upper St. Johns and Indian Rivers. 

STEAMER "VOLUSIA," 

Capt. T. W. LUND. 

fTHE Steamer "Volusia 1 ' will leave Jacksonville, from Clark's Wharf, foot of Newnan Street, every 
Saturday, at 11 o'clock a. m., for Palatka, Mcllonville, Enterprise, Lake Jessup, Lake Harney, Salt 
Lake, and intermediate landings. Connection will be made at Salt Lake with hacks and wagon for trans- 
fer of i assengers and freight to Indian River. 

JOHN CLARK, Agent. 

JACKSONVILLE, PALATKA, ENTERPRISE and CRESCENT CITY. 

St. Johns River Steamboat Go. 

The only established line on the St. Johns River. 
The U. S. Mail Steamers, 

PASTIME JL.1XJD "WATIEIR, LILY 

TyiLL run from Jacksonville to Palatka daily (Sundays excepted), leaving Jacksonville for Palatka, from 
" Hartridge's Wharf, at 10 a. m., making all intermediate landings, connecting at Tocoi with train on 

St. Johns Railway for St. Augustine. RETURNING, will leave Palatka at 7 a. m., stopping as above, 

arriving at Jacksonville in time for train going North and West. 

jgg-The above Steamers can be chartered for Excursions. The U. S. Mail Steamer, 

GEOBGIA 

WILL leave Palatka for Enterprise Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday mornings, making all intermediate 
landings on the Upper St. Johns River; returning from Enterprise on Mondays, Wednesdays and 
Fridays. 

1. A. KELSEY, Manager. A. L. HUNGERFORD, Agent, Jacksonville, Fla. 



The SHORTEST and in every way BEST ROUTE to 

FLORIDA 

For the IMMIGRANT, as well as TOURIST or INVALID, 

IS VIA THE 

Nashville, Chattanooga & St Louis 

-AND- 

Western & Atlantic Railways, 

POPULARLY KNOWN AS THE 

GREAT LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN i GREAT KENNESAW ROUTES, 

FOR THESE REASONS : 

We are the Shortest and Straightest Route. 

We are the only line passing through the larger Cities of the South- 
east. We go through 

Nashville, Term. Macon, Ga. 

Chattanooga, Tenn. Brunswick, Ga. 

Atlanta, Ga. and Fernandina, Fla. 

We pass through the only true Mountain Scenery. 

We have Roadbed, Track, Cars, and all Equipments, the best. 

"We carry all Emierrants on our Express Trains, and in our regular 
Passenger Coaches. 

We make o*ir Changes in Daylight, and in Union Depots, at Meal-times. 

Require that your Tickets read 

We always carry Emigrants and their Freight at as Low Rates as 
oan be obtained by other and inferior routes. For latest figures, 
apply personally, or by letter, to 

C. A. DE SAUSSURE, W. L. DANLEY, 

Western Trav'g Agent, P. O. Box 163, Chicago. General Passenger Agent, Nashville, Tenn. 

W. T. RODCERS, A. B. WRENN, 

Passenger Agent, Chattanooga, Tenn. Southeastern Trav'g Agent, Atlanta, Ga. 

C. P. ATMORE, Jr., 

Passenger Agent, Memphis, Tenn. 



I invite you to write to me for all information you want, in regard to rates, tickets, 
or anything else. I will take pleasure in attending personally to everything that will 
save you trouble and expense. Address 

CHAS. A. DE SAUSSURE. 

P. O. Box 163. Western Traveling Agent, Chicago, 111. 



t^a-ie^ie the 



DANVILLE ROUTE 

FOR 

»- XL. O 3Ffc X X> jOl •" 

BECAUSE it is the Shortest. 

BECAUSE there are Less Changes by this Route than by 

any other. 
BECAUSE it furnishes better accommodations for Emigrants 

than any other line running South from Chicago. 

BECAUSE it is the only Line selling Round Trip Land 
Explorers' Tickets to Florida, good daring Summer 
months. 

BECAUSE its rates are always as low as the lowest, and it 
checks baggage through to destination, ard carries 
115 O pounds on each full ticket, and 75 pounds on 
each half ticket, FREE. 



EATES TO FLOEIDA. 

(SUBJECT TO CHANGE.) 

1st Class. Emg't. 

Chicago to Fernandina , $29.85 

Jacksonville 31.85 

Starke- -. r -"- 31.85 

Waldo 32.15 

Gainesville ,. 32.50 

Cedar Kejs -- 33.90 

Round Trip Land Explorers' Tickets, good from June 1st to Septem- 
ber 1st, $56.00. 

Special Rates for parties of 20 or more. 

Tickets on sale at all principal ticket offices in the North and "West, 
and at 77 Olark Street, 123 Dearborn Street, Grand Pacific Hotel, and 
at Depot, Oor. Oarroll and Clinton Streets, Chicago, 111. 



If you are going South or t» Florida, write to ns; all correspond- 
ence attended to promptly, and information cheerfully furnithed. 
Address, 

WM. HILL, or A. S. DUNHAM, 

Traveling; Agent, Gen. rassenger Agent, 

123 DEARBORN ST., CHICAGO, ILL. 

MD 5 I 



^ 



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2* *7 



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5^. I" 

£ A 



DOBB 

LIBRAR1 



ST. AU 



NEW MAP OF FLORIDA, 1879. 



Published by the Bureau of lmmigrati 



Bed Lines denote Chartered Railroads. 




